Production of Metallurgical Sinter with Coke Modified by Spent Anode Material from Aluminum Electrolysis

Tolymbekova L. Aubakirov A. Abdulina S. Adilkanova M. Kelamanov B. Abdirashit A. Abdrahmanov E. Yerzhanov A.
October 2025 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Processes
2025 #13 Issue 10

This study evaluates coke for iron ore sintering manufactured from Ekibastuz coal fines (fraction 0–3 mm), spent anode material (SAM) from aluminum electrolysis, and coal tar pitch. Laboratory coking was performed at 1000 °C (60 min hold), followed by sintering trials using coke containing 10 wt% and 20 wt% SAM. Microstructural (SEM/EDS) and spectral data indicate an optimal SAM range of 10–20 wt%: higher additions (≥30 wt%) lead to structural degradation of coke, accompanied by reduced mechanical integrity. The produced coke shows C = 85%, S = 0.9–1.1%, ash ≈ 19%, volatiles = 1.5–2.5%, and moisture (Wr) ≤ 1%, which is acceptable for sintering use. In sintering tests, the yield of usable sinter reached 72.4% (10 wt% SAM) and 73.5% (20 wt% SAM); impact strength was 83% and 78%, respectively. XRF of sinter showed Fe_total > 51%, CaO ≈ 5.5–6.8%, SiO₂ ≈ 6.6–7.2%, and S = 0.40–0.45%, meeting technological requirements for blast-furnace practice. Overall, using spent anode material within 10–20 wt% increases fixed-carbon content, enables valorization of aluminum industry waste, and delivers coke for agglomeration performance without compromising key chemical or mechanical indices.

agglomeration , anode cinder , coal , coal pitch , coke , industrial waste , spent anode material from aluminum electrolysis

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Department of Chemistry, L.N. Gumilyov, Eurasian National University, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan
Department of Metallurgy, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, 140000, Kazakhstan
International School of Engineering, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, 070004, Kazakhstan
Department of Metallurgy and Mining, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe, 030000, Kazakhstan
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Karaganda Industrial University, Temirtau, 101400, Kazakhstan

Department of Chemistry
Department of Metallurgy
International School of Engineering
Department of Metallurgy and Mining
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science

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