Evaluation of Broad-Spectrum Pesticides Based on Unified Multi-Analytical Procedure in Fruits and Vegetables for Acute Health Risk Assessment
Łozowicka B. Kaczyński P. Jankowska M. Rutkowska E. Iwaniuk P. Konecki R. Rogowska W. Zhagyparova A. Absatarova D. Łuniewski S. Pietkun M. Hrynko I.
July 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Foods
2025#14Issue 14
Fruits and vegetables are crucial components of a healthy diet, which are susceptible to pests. Therefore, the application of pesticides is a basic manner of crop chemical protection. The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis of pesticide occurrence in 1114 samples of fruits and vegetables. A unified multi-analytical protocol was used composed of primary–secondary amine/graphitized carbon black/magnesium sulfate to purify samples with diversified profile of interfering substances. Moreover, the obtained analytical data were used to evaluate the critical acute health risk in subpopulations of children and adults within European limits criteria. Out of 550 pesticides analyzed, 38 and 69 compounds were noted in 58.6% of fruits and 44.2% of vegetables, respectively. Acetamiprid (14.1% of all detections) and captan (11.3%) occurred the most frequently in fruits, while pendimethalin (10.6%) and azoxystrobin (8.6%) occurred the most frequently in vegetables. A total of 28% of vegetable and 43% of fruit samples were multiresidues with up to 13 pesticides in dill, reaching a final concentration of 0.562 mg kg−1. Maximum residue level (MRL) was exceeded in 7.9% of fruits and 7.3% of vegetables, up to 7900% MRL for chlorpyrifos in dill (0.79 mg kg−1). Notably, 8 out of 38 pesticides found in fruits (21%; 1.2% for carbendazim) and 24 out of 69 compounds in vegetables (35%, 7.4% for chlorpyrifos) were not approved in the EU. Concentrations of pesticides exceeding MRL were used to assess acute health risk for children and adults. Moreover, the incidence of acute health risk was proved for children consuming parsnip with linuron (156%). In other cases, it was below 100%, indicating that Polish food is safe. The work provides reliable and representative scientific data on the contamination of fruits and vegetables with pesticides. It highlights the importance of legislative changes to avoid the occurrence of not approved pesticides in the EU, increasing food and health safety.
fruit , health risk assessment , MRL , pesticide residues , unapproved pesticides , vegetable
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Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 St., Białystok, 15-195, Poland
Faculty of Economics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satbayev 2 St., Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Zhetysu University, Zhansugurov 187A St., Taldykorgan, 040009, Kazakhstan
Eastern European University of Applied Sciences in Białystok, Ciepła 40 St., Białystok, 15-472, Poland
Hydratec, Radziwonika 12 St., Białystok, 15-166, Poland
Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences
Eastern European University of Applied Sciences in Białystok
Hydratec
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