A novel hydrogen-incorporated carbon dioxide supercritical system for extracting phytochemicals from grape peels: Response surface methodology–based modeling and optimization
Alwazeer D. Karaogul E. Al Çiçek S. Ugurtay A. Çiğdem A. Engin T. Bekbayev K. Abdilova G. Bolkenov B. Orynbekov D.
March 2026Elsevier B.V.
Results in Engineering
2026#29
The supercritical hydrogen-incorporated carbon dioxide (Sp-CO2–H2) extraction was evaluated as a hybrid solvent system for the recovery of phytochemicals from grape peels, utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), mathematical modelling, and optimization techniques. The independent variables (pressure, temperature, and time) were optimized using RSM for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and individual phenolic compound levels. The optimum Sp-CO2–H2 conditions were determined as 80 bar, 60 °C, and 5 min. The developed RSM models showed acceptable performance, with coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from moderate to high values and statistically significant model terms ( P < 0.05), while lack-of-fit was not significant. Model validation demonstrated that the experimental results agreed with the predicted values, with percentage uncertainty (U %) values generally below 26 %. Under the optimized conditions, TPC and antioxidant activity reached their highest levels. Multivariate analyses indicated that the optimized parameters clustered together with bioactive properties in PCA, and this behavior was further supported by clustering patterns observed in the heatmap. The Sp–CO2–H2 method is more efficient for extracting phenolic compounds and antioxidants from Cimin grape peels than the classical Sp-CO2 method, with an increase in TPC, DPPH, and ABTS values of extracts by 55 %, 44 %, and 24 %, respectively. Overall, the optimization and modelling results suggest that the Sp-CO2–H2 system is an effective and reliable approach for the selective extraction of phytochemicals from grape peels, likely by favoring selective enrichment and preservation of antioxidant-active constituents rather than by directly increasing total phenolic yield.
Grape peel , Mathematical modelling , Optimization , Response surface methodology , Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction
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Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Iğdır University, Iğdır, 76000, Turkey
Innovative Food Technologies Development, Application, and Research Center, Igdir University, Igdir, 76000, Turkey
Shakarim University, st. Glinka, 20A, Semey, Kazakhstan
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695-8003, NC, United States
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Innovative Food Technologies Development
Shakarim University
Department of Food Engineering
Department of Forest Biomaterials
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