Streamlining Global Germplasm Exchange: Integrating Scientific Rigor and Common Sense to Exclude Phantom Agents from Regulation
Tzanetakis I.E. Aknadibossian V. Špak J. Constable F. Harper S.J. Hammond J. Candresse T. Folimonova S.Y. Freitas-Astúa J. Fuchs M. Jelkmann W. Maliogka V.I. Marais A. Martin R.R. Mollov D. Vidalakis G. Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic N. Al Rwahnih M. Alabi O.J. Alioto D. Atanda H.Y. Bagi F. Baranwal V.K. Barbosa C. Bar-Joseph M. Batista Le Riverend L. Belien T. Benítez-Galeano M.J. Bennypaul H. Bertaccini A. Bester R. Blouin A.G. Blystad D.-R. Botermans M. Bozan O. Brakta A. Brans Y. Bulajić A. Caglayan K. Catara A. Choueiri E. Cieślińska M. Cook G. Cui W. da Graça J. Davino S. Delmiglio C. Dewdney M.M. Di Serio F. Diaz-Lara A. Digiaro M. Djelouah K. Dong Y.F. Donovan N. Druciarek T.Z. Duran-Vila N. Elçi E. Esquivel-Fariña A. Fall M.L. Fan X.D. Figueroa J. Fiore N. Fowkes A.R. Fox A. Fránová J. Fuchs R. Gaafar Y.Z.A. García M.L. Ghosh D. Girardi E. Glasa M. Gomez Talquenca S. Gratz A. Gritsenko D. Hajeri S. Hajizadeh M. Hamborg Z. Ho T. Holeva M. Holkar S.K. Horner M. Hurtado-Gonzales O.P. Ippolito A. Isac V. Iwanami T. Jofre-Y-Garfias A.E. Jordan R. Katis N. Koloniuk I. Konings H. Križanac I. Krueger R. Kyrychenko A. Laranjeira F. Lavagi-Craddock I. Levy A. Licciardello G. Lu Q.-Y. MacFarlane S.A. Marcone C. Maree H.J. Margaria P. Martić A. Massart S. Mathioudakis M.M. Matić S. Mavric Plesko I. Meekes E.T.M. Mehle N. Melzer M.J. Meng B. Menzel W. Miljanić V. Minafra A. Minutolo M. Mitra A. Moreno P. Navarro L. Navarro B. Nerva L. Okić A. Olmos A. Önelge N. Osundahunsi B. Palacios M.F. Pallas V. Panno S. Perez-Egusquiza Z. Poudel-Ward B. Radišek S. Ramos-González P.L. Ramteke P. Ranabhat N.B. Rivarez M.P.S. Rivas F. Roenhorst A. Roy A. Ruiz-García A.B. Sabanadzovic S. Šafářová D. Saldarelli P. Salem N. Sanahuja Solsona G. Schoen R. Sharma S.K. Shilts T. Sierra-Mejia A. Singh S. Skelton A. Škorić D. Stainton D. Štajner N. Starović M. Stuchi E. Svoboda P. Tahzima R. Tang J. Tessitori M. Thermoz J.-P. Thompson E. Thompson J. Trebicki P. Turina M. Ulubas Serce C. Umble J. Valiunas D. Varallyay E. Varma A. Varveri C. Vásquez-Gutiérrez U. Vazquez-Iglesias I. Veerakone S. Villamor D.E. Vives M.C. Vončina D. Wang J. Westenberg M. Wetzel T. Winter S. Wright G. Wulff N.A. Xu W.X. Yokomi R. Zhou C. Zikeli K. Zindović J.
April 2025American Phytopathological Society
Plant Disease
2025#109Issue 4736 - 755 pp.
This collaborative work by over 180 researchers from 40+ countries addresses the challenges posed by “phantom agents”—putative pathogenic agents named in literature without supporting data on their existence. Those agents remain on regulatory lists, creating barriers in trade and plant certification. Historically identified based solely on symptoms, these agents lack isolates or sequence data, making reliable detection or risk assessment impossible. After reviewing over 120 such agents across 10 key plant genera, we recommend their removal from regulatory lists and call for revised standards aligned with modern diagnostics. This effort seeks to streamline germplasm exchange, benefiting global agriculture by removing the constraints imposed by phantoms.
fruit , ornamentals , small fruits , tree fruits , viruses and viroids
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Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, 72701, AR, United States
University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, 32611, FL, United States
Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, CZ 370 05, Czech Republic
Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, Bundoora, 3083, VIC, Australia
Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, 99350, WA, United States
Floral and Nursery Plants Research, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, 20705, MD, United States
Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, 33882 cedex, France
Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, BA, Cruz das Almas, 44380-000, Brazil
Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, 14456, NY, United States
Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Dossenheim, 69221, Germany
Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97339, OR, United States
USDA-APHIS-Plant Protection and Quarantine, Riverdale, 20737, MD, United States
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 92507, CA, United States
Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 39762, MS, United States
Foundation Plant Services, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, 78596, TX, United States
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80131, Italy
Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
Advanced Centre of Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
The Volcani Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Grupo de Fitopatología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fruticultura Tropical, La Habana, Cuba
Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw (pcfruit vzw), Zoology Department, Sint-Truiden, 3800, Belgium
Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte, Salto, 50000, Uruguay
Centre for Plant Health - North Saanich, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), North Saanich, V8L 1H3, BC, Canada
Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
Research Group Virology, Bacteriology and Phytoplasmology, Plant Protection Department, Nyon, Switzerland
Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Aas, 1433, Norway
Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health (NIVIP), National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Geertjesweg 15, Wageningen, 6706 EA, Netherlands
Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
Plant Virology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni Sola, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
CTIFL, Laboratoire de virologie fruitière, Centre de Lanxade, Prigonrieux, 24130, France
Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey
Formerly, Science and Technology Park of Sicily, ZI Blocco Palma I, Catania, 95131, Italy
Department of Plant Protection, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Tal Amara, P.O. Box 287, Zahlé, Lebanon
Department of Plant Pathology, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Poland
Citrus Research International, Graft Transmissible Diseases, Mpumalanga, 1200, South Africa
Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8820808, Chile
Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, United States
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Plant Health & Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, 33850, FL, United States
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Bari, 70126, Italy
School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, BA, Valenzano, Italy
Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura - FUNDECITRUS, Araraquara, 14807-040, Brazil
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Menangle, 2568, NSW, Australia
Department of Plant Protection, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, 46113, Spain
Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA) de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), San Lorenzo, Paraguay
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
National Center for Eliminating Viruses from Deciduous Fruit Tree, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, 125100, China
Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Fera Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, York, United Kingdom
State Institute of Viticulture and Oenology (WBI), Freiburg, 79100, Germany
Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
ICAR – Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, India
Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria - EEA Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Alliance of Pest Control Districts, Tulare, CA, United States
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Driscoll’s Inc., Watsonville, CA, United States
Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Athens, GR-14561, Greece
ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Maharashtra, Pune, 412307, India
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health and Inspection Services, Beltsville, 20705, MD, United States
Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Research Institute for Fruit Growing, O.P.1, C.P. 73, Pitesti, Arges, 110006, Romania
Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Kanagawa, Atsugi, 243-0034, Japan
Laboratory of Agrigenomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, León, 37689, Mexico
Naktuinbouw, Roelofarendsveen, 2371 GD, Netherlands
Centre for Plant Protection, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
USDA-ARS-NCGRCD, Riverside, 92507, CA, United States
Plant Virus Laboratory, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
CREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, CT, Acireale, 95024, Italy
Department of Moriculture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
Cell and Molecular Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, I-84084, Italy
Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Plant Virus Department, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
Development Sector, 13. Jul Plantaže a.d., Podgorica, Montenegro
Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
Plant Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Chania, Gr-73134, Greece
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Torino, 10135, Italy
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 96822, HI, United States
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, 31015, Italy
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
School of Plant Sciences, Yuma Agriculture Center, University of Arizona, Yuma, 85364, AZ, United States
Department of Plant Protection, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Žalec, SI-3310, Slovenia
Instituto Biológico, Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, São Paulo, 04014-900, Brazil
Department of Biotechnology, Hislop College, Civil Lines, Nagpur, 440001, India
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
Philippine Genome Center-Visayas, Philippines Caraga State University, Agusan del Norte, Butuan City, 8600, Philippines
National Institute of Agricultural Research, Montevideo, 11500, Uruguay
Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, 20705, MD, United States
Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, 39762, MS, United States
Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
Fall Creek Farm and Nursery Inc., Lowell, 97452, OR, United States
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade, Serbia
Hop Research Institute Co., Ltd., Kadaňská, 438 14, Czech Republic
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, I-95123, Italy
INRAE, Agap Antenne Corse, San Giuliano, 20230, France
Hortifrut Genetics Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, LT-08412, Lithuania
Genomics Research Group, Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllo, 2100, Hungary
Plant Virology Area, Department of Agricultural Parasitology, Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Calzada Antonio Narro, Saltillo, 25315, Mexico
Division of Phytomedicine, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
State Education and Research Center of Viticulture, Horticulture and Rural Development Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Breitenweg 71, a.d. Weinstraße, Neustadt, 67435, Germany
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
USDA-ARS, Parlier, 93648, CA, United States
Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
Department of Plant Protection, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, 81000, Montenegro
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
University of Florida
Biology Centre
Agriculture Victoria Research
Department of Plant Pathology
Floral and Nursery Plants Research
Université de Bordeaux
Embrapa Cassava and Fruits
Plant Pathology
Julius Kühn-Institute
Plant Pathology Laboratory
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
USDA-APHIS-Plant Protection and Quarantine
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology
Institute for Genomics
Foundation Plant Services
Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology
Department of Agricultural Sciences
Department of Plant and Environmental Protection
Advanced Centre of Plant Virology
The Volcani Center
Grupo de Fitopatología
Proefcentrum Fruitteelt vzw (pcfruit vzw)
Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática
Centre for Plant Health - North Saanich
Alma Mater Studiorum
Department of Genetics
Research Group Virology
Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health
Netherlands Institute for Vectors
Department of Plant Protection
Plant Virology Laboratory
CTIFL
Department of Phytopathology
Department of Plant Protection
Formerly
Department of Plant Protection
Department of Plant Pathology
Citrus Research International
Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas
Texas A&M University-Kingsville
Department of Agricultural
Plant Health & Environment Laboratory
Citrus Research and Education Center
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR
School of Engineering and Sciences
CIHEAM
Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura - FUNDECITRUS
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
Department of Plant Protection
Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias
Department of Plant Production and Technologies
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA) de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA)
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research Centre
National Center for Eliminating Viruses from Deciduous Fruit Tree
Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres
Fera Science Ltd.
State Institute of Viticulture and Oenology (WBI)
Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular
ICAR – Central Citrus Research Institute
Institute of Virology
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria - EEA Mendoza
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Alliance of Pest Control Districts
Department of Plant Protection
Driscoll’s Inc.
Benaki Phytopathological Institute
ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited
United States Department of Agriculture
Department of Soil
Research Institute for Fruit Growing
Faculty of Agriculture
Laboratory of Agrigenomic Sciences
Naktuinbouw
Centre for Plant Protection
USDA-ARS-NCGRCD
Plant Virus Laboratory
CREA
Department of Moriculture
Cell and Molecular Sciences Department
Department of Pharmacy
Leibniz-Institute DSMZ
Development Sector
Plant Pathology Laboratory
Plant Pathology Laboratory
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia
National Institute of Biology
University of Hawaii
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
Department of Agronomy
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics
University of Sarajevo
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas
School of Plant Sciences
Department of Plant Protection
Instituto Biológico
Department of Biotechnology
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
Philippine Genome Center-Visayas
National Institute of Agricultural Research
Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Cell Biology and Genetics
Department of Plant Protection
Fall Creek Farm and Nursery Inc.
Department of Biology
Institute for Plant Protection and Environment
Hop Research Institute Co.
Department of Agriculture
INRAE
Hortifrut Genetics Ltd.
Applied BioSciences
Laboratory of Plant Pathology
Genomics Research Group
Plant Virology Area
Division of Phytomedicine
State Education and Research Center of Viticulture
College of Plant Science and Technology
USDA-ARS
Citrus Research Institute
Department of Plant Protection
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