Sodium and potassium intakes in the Kazakhstan population estimated using 24-h urinary excretion: evidence for national action
Trieu K. Ospanova F. Tazhibayev S. Jewell J. Breda J. Santos J.A. Webster J.
April 2021Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
European Journal of Nutrition
2021#60Issue 31537 - 1546 pp.
Purpose: There is strong scientific evidence for reducing sodium and increasing potassium intake to the recommended levels to lower blood pressure and cardiovascular risk, but consumption levels in Kazakhstan are unknown. This study sought to estimate mean sodium and potassium intake using 24-h urine samples and describe dietary knowledge and behavior among adults in Kazakhstan. Methods: In two cross-sectional surveys, the same multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to randomly select participants aged 25–64 years from Almaty City in 2015 and Kyzylorda in 2016. Complete 24-h urine samples were available for 478 participants; 294 in Almaty City and 184 in Kyzylorda (response rates 86% and 54%, respectively) and were weighted for the age and sex distribution of the two regions. Results: Weighted mean 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 6782 mg/day (17.2 g salt) (95% CI 6507–7058) in both regions combined, and not significantly different between the regions (P = 0.660). 99% of adults in the two regions combined consumed above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended sodium maximum of 2000 mg/day; however, only 15% of adults perceived that they consumed excess sodium. Weighted mean 24-h urinary potassium excretion was 2271 mg/day (95% CI 2151–2391) for the regions combined. Conclusion: Mean sodium consumption in Kazakhstan was more than triple the WHO’s recommended maximum, and mean potassium consumption was below the recommended minimum. National efforts to lower sodium intake and increase potassium intake are needed and would likely prevent ample premature deaths and disease burden.
Food policy , Hypertension , Nutrition , Potassium , Salt , Sodium
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The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 5, 1 King St. Newtown, Sydney, 2042, NSW, Australia
Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty, Kazakhstan
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
The George Institute for Global Health
Kazakh Academy of Nutrition
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
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