Politicization of COVID-19 health-protective behaviors in the United States: Longitudinal and cross-national evidence

Stroebe W. vanDellen M.R. Abakoumkin G. Lemay E.P., Jr. Schiavone W.M. Agostini M. Bélanger J.J. Gützkow B. Kreienkamp J. Reitsema A.M. Abdul Khaiyom J.H. Ahmedi V. Akkas H. Almenara C.A. Atta M. Bagci S.C. Basel S. Kida E.B. Bernardo A.B.I. Buttrick N.R. Chobthamkit P. Choi H.-S. Cristea M. Csaba S. Damnjanović K. Danyliuk I. Dash A. Di Santo D. Douglas K.M. Enea V. Faller D.G. Fitzsimons G. Gheorghiu A. Gómez Á. Hamaidia A. Han Q. Helmy M. Hudiyana J. Jeronimus B.F. Jiang D.-Y. Jovanović V. Kamenov Ž. Kende A. Keng S.-L. Kieu T.T.T. Koc Y. Kovyazina K. Kozytska I. Krause J. Kruglanksi A.W. Kurapov A. Kutlaca M. Lantos N.A. Jaya Lemsmana C.B. Louis W.R. Lueders A. Malik N.I. Martinez A. McCabe K.O. Mehulić J. Milla M.N. Mohammed I. Molinario E. Moyano M. Mula S. Muluk H. Myroniuk S. Najafi R. Nisa C.F. Nyúl B. O’Keefe P.A. Olivas Osuna J.J. Osin E.N. Park J. Pica G. Pierro A. Rees J. Resta E. Rullo M. Ryan M.K. Samekin A. Santtila P. Sasin E. Schumpe B.M. Selim H.A. Stanton M.V. Sultana S. Sutton R.M. Tseliou E. Utsugi A. van Breen J.A. van Lissa C.J. van Veen K. Vázquez A. Wollast R. Yeung V.W.-L. Zand S. Žeželj I.L. Zheng B. Zick A. Zúñiga C. Pontus Leander N. Muhammad H.
October 2021 Public Library of Science

PLoS ONE
2021 #16 Issue 10

During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. conservative politicians and the media downplayed the risk of both contracting COVID-19 and the effectiveness of recommended health behaviors. Health behavior theories suggest perceived vulnerability to a health threat and perceived effectiveness of recommended health-protective behaviors determine motivation to follow recommendations. Accordingly, we predicted that—as a result of politicization of the pandemic—politically conservative Americans would be less likely to enact recommended health-protective behaviors. In two longitudinal studies of U.S. residents, political conservatism was inversely associated with perceived health risk and adoption of health-protective behaviors over time. The effects of political orientation on health-protective behaviors were mediated by perceived risk of infection, perceived severity of infection, and perceived effectiveness of the health-protective behaviors. In a global cross-national analysis, effects were stronger in the U.S. (N = 10,923) than in an international sample (total N = 51,986), highlighting the increased and overt politicization of health behaviors in the U.S.

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Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Faculty of Education, Pristine University, Pristina, Serbia
Organizational Behavior, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey
Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
Department of Psychology, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Turkey
Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
Department of Psychology, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Psychology, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Department of Social Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi, Romania
Departments of Marketing and Psychology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Center for European Studies, Faculty of Law, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
Department of Psychology and Human Resources Development, Setif 2 University, Setif, Algeria
The School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
Department of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Psychology, National Chung-Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Division of Social Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Psychology, HCMC University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Department of Psychiatry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Mass Communication, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Psychology, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, United States
Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain
Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Department of Political Science and Administration, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain
Department of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan
School of Law, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
Research Institute Social Cohesion, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Department of Social Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
Department of Educational, Humanities and Intercultural Communication, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayec KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Department of Psychology, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States
Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
Department of Methodology & Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Laboratory of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Education
Organizational Behavior
Faculty of Health Science
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Social Sciences
Department of Social and Developmental Psychology
School of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Departments of Marketing and Psychology
Center for European Studies
Department of Psychology and Human Resources Development
The School of Psychological Science
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Division of Social Science
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychiatry
School of Psychology
Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Mass Communication
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Political Science and Administration
Department of Psychology
Graduate School of Management
School of Law
Research Institute Social Cohesion
Department of Educational
Department of Psychology
School of Liberal Arts
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Psychology
Department of Public Health
Department of Psychology
Institute of Governance and Global Affairs
Department of Methodology & Statistics
Department of Psychology
Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit
Department of Psychology

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