Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
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2025Elsevier Ltd
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2025
Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the worlds leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years. Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years. Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000–721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000–298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000–261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000–201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900–75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths. Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies. Funding: Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Medical-surgical Nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia
Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Medicine Department, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Health Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Research, Toufiks World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine
Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
Department of Research and Development, Healthy Africans Platform, Ibadan, Nigeria
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
of Public Health, St. Lukes International University, Tokyo, Japan
Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Genomics and Precision Medicine Program, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Government of Nepal (GoN), Lalitpur, Nepal
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
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University of Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
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Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
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Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mawz, Oman
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia
Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
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School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda
Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Center for International Health Education, and Biosecurity, Abuja, Nigeria
University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States
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Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Deputyship of Population Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Saudi Longevity Society, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Translational and Precision Medicine Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
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Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
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Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
College of Health Sciences, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Higher College of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Uganda
Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Laboratory Medicine Department, Al-Baha University, Al-Aqiq, Saudi Arabia
Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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School of Public Health, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
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Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India
Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
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Internal Medicine Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Nazarbayev University, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan
School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia
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Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
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College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
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Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Laboratory Sciences Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt
Taleghani Anesthesiologist, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, United States
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
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Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Global Health Research, IMPACT Global Consulting, New Delhi, India
Foundation for Reproductive Health Services India, New Delhi, India
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
IT Department, Coforge, Georgia, GA, United States
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pastor Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Social and Administrative pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
Department of Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Community Medicine, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Madurai, India
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Health Systems Strengthening, Global Health Advocacy Incubator, Washington, DC, United States
Centre for Policy Research and Data Analytics in Health and Environment, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Sintra, Portugal
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
School of Sport &
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
School of Medicine
University of Texas Health Science Center
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Department of Nursing
Department of Medical-surgical Nursing
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
College of Pharmacy
Hull York Medical School
Medicine Department
Department of Biology
School of Nursing
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Health Research Centre
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Komar University of Science and Technology
Baxshin Hospital
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Research
Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Emergency Medicine
School of Pharmacy
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Microbiology
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
School of Population Health
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Sport
Department of Research and Development
Zoology Department
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Clinical Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department
Community Health Nursing Department
of Public Health
Division of Population Data Science
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Clinical Trials Unit
Genomics and Precision Medicine Program
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Restorative Dentistry
Department of Livestock Services (DLS)
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Population Health
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Stanford University
School of Medicine
Centre for Social Research in Health
Department of Microbiology
NMC Healthcare
School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences
Department of Immunology
Graduate Program Division
Translational Research Team
Melanoma Institute Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Family Medicine
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biochemistry
University of Medical Sciences
School of Public Health
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience
Research School of Population Health
Department of Biotechnology
Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor
Department of Biology
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
MM College of Pharmacy
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Trivedi School of Biosciences
Department of Public Health Sciences
Rajaie Trauma Research Center
School of Public Health
Department of Physical Therapy
College of Medicine
School of Medicine and Psychology
Health Research Institute
Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan
World Health Organization
College of Veterinary Sciences
Department of Health Informatics
School of Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
School of Public Health
Department of Community Health Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH)
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI)
Medical Laboratory Science Department
Department of Biosciences
College of Nursing
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Medicine
Department of Assistance Medical Sciences
Department of Medicine
Brody School of Medicine
Center for International Health
University of Maryland
Oxford Vaccine Group
Department of Physiology
University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Infection Prevention & Control
VentrureBlick
Department of Communicable Diseases
Middle East
Division of Public Health Sciences
School of Public Health
The University of Jordan School of Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Research and Development
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
Preventive Dentistry Department
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Department of Health Information Management and Technology
School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary studies
Deputyship of Population Health
Saudi Longevity Society
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community and Mental Health
Faculty of Medicine
Translational and Precision Medicine Research
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
College of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Department of Midwifery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Bacteriology
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
College of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biotechnology
College of Dental Medicine
Department of Biological Sciences
School of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Nethersole School of Nursing
Department of Biosciences
School of Cyberspace Security
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
The School of Medicine
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Immunology
The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Physics
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Medical Laboratories
Independent Consultant
Department of Medicine
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
Ophthalmology Department
Department of Clinical Nursing
College of Health Sciences
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Respiratory Care
Surgical Research Section
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Nursing
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department
Department of Emergency Medicine
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Pathology
Medical and Diagnostic Research Center
Department of Basic Sciences
Higher College of Technology
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Faculty of Health Sciences
Research
Applied Science Research Center
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Respiratory Therapy
Respiratory Therapy Unit
University of Sharjah
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
National Health Observatory
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences
College of Medical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Laboratory Medicine Department
Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD)
Department of Biomedical Engineering
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Food and Beverages Safety Research Center
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Health and Management Sciences
Department of Sociology
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
School of Pharmacy
Department of Food Safety and Hygiene
Spiritual Health Research Center
College of Nursing
Department of Health and Wellbeing
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics
University of Bologna
Department of Public Health
Faculty of Pharmacy
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
Neurology Department
Department of Pharmacology
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy
Department of Microbiology
Department of Public Health
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Department of Microbiology
Regenerative Medicine
College of Medicine
Rural Health Research Institute
School of Medicine and Public Health
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health
Internal Medicine Directorate
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Biotechnology
University College of Medicine & Dentistry
Institute for Biomedical Problems
Department of Periodontics
Nazarbayev University
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Johns Hopkins University
School of Veterinary Medicine
School of Public Health
College of Applied Medical Science
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR)
School of Medicine
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Nursing Department
Faculty of Health Science
Monash Addiction Research Center
Atchabar Scientific Research Institute
Department of Public Health
Department of Immunology
Hospital and Research Centre
Center for Clinical Global Health Education
Management Policy and Community Health
College of Medicine
Department of Health Sciences
Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Computer Engineering
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
Maternal and Child Health Directorate
Medicinal Chemistry Unit
Centre for Drug Research
Department of Health Information Management
Department of Mathematics & Statistics
Laboratory Sciences Department
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing
Department of Anesthesia
Department of Basic Sciences
Rheumatology Research Center
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Health Information Management
Department of Population Medicine
School of Public Health
Directorate of Quality Assurance
Department of Clinical Pathology
Microbiology Department
Taleghani Anesthesiologist
Pediatric Dentistry Department
College of Optometry
International Medical School
Department of Medical Informatics
Division of Biological Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases
Faculty of Medicine
Global Health Research
Foundation for Reproductive Health Services India
Faculty of Pharmacy
University Institute of Food Science and Technology
Health Information Management
College of Medicine
Barcelona Institute for Global Health
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Medical Education
School of Public Health
IT Department
Cancer Research Center
Pastor Institute
Department of Social and Administrative pharmacy
College of Applied Medical Sciences
School of Public Health
Jazan University
Department of Human Anatomy and Histology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Community Medicine
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
School of the Environment
School of Health Policy and Management
Infectious Disease Research Department
Department of Veterinary Microbiology
Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine
BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health
Health Systems Strengthening
Centre for Policy Research and Data Analytics in Health and Environment
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Faculty of Medicine
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS)
Department of Internal Medicine
Global Health Neurology Lab
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology
Translational and Clinical Research Institute
School of Sport &
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