Molecular characterization and cuticular stomatal anatomy of Punica Granatum L. cultivars study in Dohuk governorate

Sinjare D.Y.K. Abdulrahman S.S. Khalid N.S. Ismail R.Y. Naeem M.Y. Selamoglu Z. Issayev G. Ahmed A.M.N.
December 2025 Springer Science and Business Media B.V.

Molecular Biology Reports
2025 #52 Issue 1

Background: The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has a rich history of cultivation and is renowned for its beneficial properties and nutrient-dense fruits. Kurdistan Iraqs agricultural, medical, and cultural traditions are the foundation of the pomegranate’s historical significance. The distribution of pomegranates in Kurdistan Iraq, particularly in the Duhok Province, reveals the great importance of genetic diversity among its cultivars. Punica granatum has spread to various parts of the world, including Mediterranean countries, Russia, Japan, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, California, Iraq, and China. The pomegranate has garnered increasing global interest due to its high nutritional value, and its ornamental, industrial, and medicinal benefits. Identifying molecular markers less affected by environmental conditions is crucial for measuring genetic diversity among pomegranate cultivars and assisting breeders in selecting and developing genotypes with higher quality and consistency. Methods: This study explored the genetic diversity and stomatal characteristics of nine pomegranate cultivars collected from various locations in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region/Iraq. Genetic diversity was assessed using a combination of molecular methods, including Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers and SRAP markers. Results: The results demonstrated that both SCoT and SRAP markers were effective for analyzing genetic diversity in pomegranates. Additionally, the stomatal structure analysis revealed significant variability among cultivars, with consistent internal structures observed across the cultivars. Conclusion: However, measurements of stomatal components varied depending on the growing location. This study highlights the wide genetic diversity among pomegranate cultivars and the environmental factors influencing plant development including light, temperature, humidity, and soil conditions. These factors significantly affect physiological processes such as stomatal opening, root development, and secondary metabolite.

Genetic diversity , Punica granatum , SCoT markers , SRAP markers , Stomata

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Scientific Research Center, College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Biology Research Center, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
General Science Department, College of Basic Education, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Zakho, Iraq
Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Central Campus, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan

Scientific Research Center
Biology Research Center
Department of Biology
General Science Department
Department of Agronomy
Department of Medical Biology
Western Caspian University
Faculty of Sciences

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