Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

Sbarra A.N. Rolfe S. Nguyen J.Q. Earl L. Galles N.C. Marks A. Abbas K.M. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abbastabar H. Abd-Allah F. Abdelalim A. Abdollahi M. Abegaz K.H. Abiy H.A.A. Abolhassani H. Abreu L.G. Abrigo M.R.M. Abushouk A.I. Accrombessi M.M.K. Adabi M. Adebayo O.M. Adekanmbi V. Adetokunboh O.O. Adham D. Afarideh M. Aghaali M. Ahmad T. Ahmadi R. Ahmadi K. Ahmed M.B. Alanezi F.M. Alanzi T.M. Alcalde-Rabanal J.E. Alemnew B.T. Ali B.A. Ali M. Alijanzadeh M. Alinia C. Alipoor R. Alipour V. Alizade H. Aljunid S.M. Almasi A. Almasi-Hashiani A. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Altirkawi K.A. Amare B. Amini S. Amini-Rarani M. Amiri F. Amit A.M.L. Amugsi D.A. Ancuceanu R. Andrei C.L. Anjomshoa M. Ansari F. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Ansha M.G. Antonio C.A.T. Antriyandarti E. Anvari D. Arabloo J. Arab-Zozani M. Aremu O. Armoon B. Aryal K.K. Arzani A. Asadi-Aliabadi M. Asgari S. Atafar Z. Ausloos M. Awoke N. Quintanilla B.P.A. Ayanore M.A. Aynalem Y.A. Azadmehr A. Azari S. Babaee E. Badawi A. Badiye A.D. Bahrami M.A. Baig A.A. Bakhtiari A. Balakrishnan S. Banach M. Banik P.C. Barac A. Baradaran-Seyed Z. Baraki A.G. Basu S. Bayati M. Bayou Y.T. Bedi N. Behzadifar M. Bell M.L. Berbada D.A. Berhe K. Bhattarai S. Bhutta Z.A. Bijani A. Birhanu M. Bisanzio D. Biswas A. Bohlouli S. Bolla S.R. Borzouei S. Brady O.J. Bragazzi N.L. Briko A.N. Briko N.I. Nagaraja S.B. Butt Z.A. Cámera L.A. Campos-Nonato I.R. Car J. Cárdenas R. Carvalho F. Castaldelli-Maia J.M. Castro F. Chattu V.K. Chehrazi M. Chin K.L. Chu D.-T. Cook A.J. Cormier N.M. Cunningham B. Dahlawi S.M.A. Damiani G. Dandona R. Dandona L. Danovaro M.C. Dansereau E. Daoud F. Darwesh A.M. Darwish A.H. Das J.K. Weaver N.D. De Neve J.-W. Demeke F.M. Demis A.B. Denova-Gutiérrez E. Desalew A. Deshpande A. Desta D.M. Dharmaratne S.D. Dhungana G.P. Dianatinasab M. Diaz D. Dipeolu I.O. Djalalinia S. Do H.T. Dorostkar F. Doshmangir L. Doyle K.E. Dunachie S.J. Duraes A.R. Kalan M.E. Leylabadlo H.E. Edinur H.A. Effiong A. Eftekhari A. El Sayed I. 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21 January 2021 Nature Research

Nature
2021 #589 Issue 7842 415 - 419 pp.

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)^1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)^5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km² pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.

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Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Clinical Research and Operations, Foundation for Scientific Research (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
Department of Epidemiology, , Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, , University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun, Razak, Malaysia
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Department of Healthcare Management and Education, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Monitoring, Evaluation and Research Department, JSI Research & Training Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
Department of Endocrinology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
Global Delivery Programs, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Unit of Medical Physiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Menelik-II College of Medical and Health Sciences, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabiz, Iran
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
Medical Resources, March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States
Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
Department of Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Immunology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
N. A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Renal and Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Upper Dir, Pakistan
School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Deputy for Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Intern

Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Department of Neurology
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
School of Pharmacy
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Research
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Disease Control
Clinical Research and Operations
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
College of Medicine
Population Health Sciences
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis
Department of Global Health
School of Health
Department of Dermatology
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
Drug Applied Research Center
Department of Food Science and Technology
Lincoln Medical School
Department of Epidemiology
Australian Center for Precision Health
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Health Information Management and Technology Department
Center for Health System Research
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Erbil Technical Health College
School of Pharmacy
Department of Biotechnology
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Health Care Management and Economics
Student Research Committee
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Health Economics Department
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Epidemiology
Medical Research Center
Department of Parasitology
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Department of Pharmacology
Health Services Management Department
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Public Health
Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Pharmacy Department
Cardiology Department
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Policy and Administration
Department of Applied Social Sciences
Agribusiness Study Program
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Public Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center
School of Business
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Department of Nursing
The Judith Lumley Centre
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management
Department of Nursing
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center
Public Health Risk Sciences Division
Department of Nutritional Sciences
Department of Forensic Science
Department of Healthcare Management and Education
Unit of Biochemistry
Department of Health Policy
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases
Faculty of Medicine
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Center for Primary Care
School of Public Health
Health Human Resources Research Center
Monitoring
Department of Community Medicine
Jazan University
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
School of the Environment
Department of Public Health
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Global Health
Centre for Global Child Health
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
Global Health Division
School of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Endocrinology
University of Genoa
Department of Biomedical Technologies
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Internal Medicine Department
Board of Directors
Health and Nutrition Research Center
Centre for Population Health Sciences
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Department of Health Care
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Department of Psychiatry
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Department of Medicine
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Epidemiology Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Melbourne Medical School
Faculty of Biology
Environmental Health Department
Clinical Dermatology
Department of Dermatology
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Indian Council of Medical Research
Immunization
Global Delivery Programs
Department of Information Technology
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Women and Child Health
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Nursing
School of Nursing
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Pharmacy
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Microbiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Institute of Health Economics and Technology
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Health Policy and Management
School of Medicine
Health Sciences
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health
Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Bacteriology and Virology
School of Health Sciences
Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department
Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals
Department of Food Science and Nutrition
Neurophysiology Department
Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmaceutics Research Center
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Department of Physiology
Tehran Medical Sciences Branch
Department of Public Health
Unit of Medical Physiology
School of Public Health
College of Medicine
Department of Medical Parasitology
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Neurobiology
Division of Neurology
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research
Institute of Gerontology
Department of Child Dental Health
Department of Medical Parasitology
Department of Dermatology
Gillings School of Global Public Health
Department of Public Health
Menelik-II College of Medical and Health Sciences
School of Public Health
Department of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Nursing
Department of Nursing
Department of Reproductive Health
Department of Midwifery
Department of Biostatistics
Infectious Disease Research Center
Pediatric Department
Medical Education Research Center
Department of Parasitology and Entomology
Department of Neurology
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery
Student Research Committee
Institute of Health Research
Young Researchers and Elite Club
Department of Biology
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
Afro-Asian Institute
Medical School
Department of Chemistry
Hudson College of Public Health
Department of Health and Social Affairs
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
Department of Dermatology
Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP)
Department of Epidemiology
Medical Resources
Health Policy
Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences
School of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Obesity Research Center
Department of Public Health
University Institute of Public Health
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Institute for Social Science Research
ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course
Department of Healthcare Management
Department of Microbiology
Department of Microbiology
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Independent Consultant
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Big Data Institute
School of Business
Medical Biology Research Center
Guilan Road Trauma Research Center
Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS)
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center
Institute of Research and Development
Department of Computer Science
College of Science and Engineering
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
School of Public Health
Maternal and Child Health Division
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
Division of Community Health and Family Medicine
College of Public Health
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
Sydney Medical School
School of Psychology and Public Health
South African Medical Research Council
School of Health Systems and Public Health
Department of Immunology
Department of Immunology
School of Management and Medical Education
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center
N. A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare
Department of Global Health
Health Institute
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center
Department of Medical Mycology
Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center
The George Institute for Global Health
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Environmental Research Center
Nicholas School of the Environment
Renal and Cardiovascular Division
Department of Medicine
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
School of Public Health
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Infectious Diseases Research Center
School of Management and Medical Informatics
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases
Health Services Management Department
Department of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Epidemiology
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
International Research Center of Excellence
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care
Open
Department of Public Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Population Studies
Department of Population Science
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing
College of Arts and Sciences
Department of Medical Parasitology
Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences
Department of Neurology
Deputy for Public Health
Health Equity Research Center
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Department of Nutrition
School of Health Sciences
Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion
Department of Public Health
Neurophysiology Research Center
Brain Engineering Research Center
Independent Consultant
Department of Intern

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