LSTM-Based River Discharge Forecasting Using Spatially Gridded Input Data
Rakhymbek K. Mukanova B. Bondarovich A. Chernykh D. Alzhanov A. Nurekenov D. Pavlenko A. Nugumanova A.
August 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Data
2025#10Issue 8
Accurate river discharge forecasting remains a critical challenge in hydrology, particularly in data-scarce mountainous regions where in situ observations are limited. This study investigated the potential of long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to improve discharge prediction by leveraging spatially distributed reanalysis data. Using the ERA5-Land dataset, we developed an LSTM model that integrates grid-based meteorological inputs and assesses their relative importance. We conducted experiments on two snow-dominated basins with contrasting physiographic characteristics, the Uba River basin in Kazakhstan and the Flathead River basin in the USA, to answer three research questions: (1) whether full-grid input outperforms reduced configurations and models trained on Caravan, (2) the impact of spatial resolution on accuracy and efficiency, and (3) the effect of partial spatial coverage on prediction reliability. Specifically, we compared the full-grid LSTM with a single-cell LSTM, a basin-average LSTM, a Caravan-trained LSTM, and coarser cell aggregations. The results demonstrate that the full-grid LSTM consistently yields the highest forecasting performance, achieving a median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.905 for Uba and 0.93 for Middle Fork Flathead, while using coarser grids and random subsets reduces performance. Our findings highlight the critical importance of spatial input richness and provide a reproducible framework for grid selection in flood-prone basins lacking dense observation networks.
Caravan , ERA5-Land , grid , LSTM , Middle Fork Flathead basin , Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency , river discharge , Uba River basin
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Laboratory of Digital Technologies and Modeling, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, 070000, Kazakhstan
Big Data and Blockchain Technologies Research Innovation Center, Astana IT University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Economic Geography and Cartography, Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russian Federation
Institute for Water and Environmental Problems SB RAS, Barnaul, 656038, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Digital Technologies and Modeling
Big Data and Blockchain Technologies Research Innovation Center
Department of Economic Geography and Cartography
Institute for Water and Environmental Problems SB RAS
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