Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contract Architecture for Optimal Energy Routing in Smart Grids Using Graph-Theoretic Loss Minimization

Konyrova M. Chezhimbayeva K. Razaque A. Hassan D.S.M.
2026 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

IEEE Access
2026 #14 5340 - 5357 pp.

The integration of renewable resources and prosumers into smart grids poses challenges related to scalability, transparency, and transmission efficiency. Centralized routing frequently depends on expensive technology and experiences significant losses. This study presents a blockchain-based smart contract system (BSCS) that reduces transmission losses while guaranteeing secure and decentralized energy transfers. Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm generates optimal paths from the generator to the consumer with minimal loss. The proposed BSCS integrates physical power flow optimization with secure digital coordination. Furthermore, the proposed BSCS represents the electrical network as a weighted graph and uses graph-theoretic optimization to identify minimum-loss energy channels. Blockchain technology is utilized not for computing routing decisions, but for securely recording, verifying, and enforcing these optimal routing results in a decentralized and tamper-proof manner. This integration guarantees reliable energy transactions while maintaining the physical efficiency of power distribution. Validation is performed using an enhanced IEEE 58-bus test system, which is based on the standard IEEE 57-bus network, by incorporating an additional synthetic consumer node (Bus 58) linked to Bus 12 to simulate a flexible prosumer load of 1.5 MW + 0.5 Mvar. Additionally, the synthetic consumer node employs Ganache, Truffle, and Solidity for its implementation. This modification facilitates the assessment of dynamic energy routing and decentralized transaction settlement in extended topology scenarios. The proposed BSCS demonstrates substantial enhancements compared to baseline blockchain systems. Active power losses in transmission lines are diminished, gas consumption declines by approximately 12%, latency is enhanced by as much as 21%, and throughput increases by more than 30%. The rapid deployment and execution of smart contracts within sub-second intervals validate the system’s appropriateness for real-time grid operations. The proposed technique combines graph-theoretic optimization with blockchain governance to provide a safe, scalable, and hardware-independent framework for decentralized energy markets.

Blockchain , energy routing , graph theory , loss minimization , smart contract , smart grid

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International Information Technology University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications named after Gumarbek Daukeyev, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Department of Information Technology, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia

International Information Technology University
Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications named after Gumarbek Daukeyev
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University

10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель

Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026