Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Kinyoki D. Osgood-Zimmerman A.E. Bhattacharjee N.V. Schaeffer L.E. Lazzar-Atwood A. Lu D. Ewald S.B. Donkers K.M. Letourneau I.D. Collison M. Schipp M.F. Abajobir A. Abbasi S. Abbasi N. Abbasifard M. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abbastabar H. Abd-Allah F. Abdelalim A. Abd-Elsalam S.M. Abdoli A. Abdollahpour I. Abedi A. Abolhassani H. Abraham B. Abreu L.G. Abrigo M.R.M. Abualhasan A. Abu-Gharbieh E. Abushouk A.I. Accrombessi M.M.K. Adabi M. Adebayo O.M. Adegbosin A.E. Adekanmbi V. Adetokunboh O.O. Adeyinka D.A. Adham D. Advani S.M. Agasthi P. Aghaali M. Ahmad S. Ahmad T. Ahmadi K. Ahmadi S. Ahmed M.B. Aichour M.T.E. Aji B. Akinyemi O.O. Aklilu A. Akunna C.J. Al-Aly Z. Alanzi T.M. Alcalde-Rabanal J.E. Alemu B.W. Alemu A. Alhassan R.K. Alif S.M. Alipour V. Alizade H. Aljunid S.M. Almasi-Hashiani A. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Al-Raddadi R.M. Alvis-Guzman N. Amini S. Amiri F. Amugsi D.A. Anber N.H. Ancuceanu R. Andrei T. Anegago M.T. Anjomshoa M. Ansari F. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Anteneh Z.A. Antriyandarti E. 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October 2021 Nature Research

Nature Medicine
2021 #27 Issue 10 1761 - 1782 pp.

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Global Programs, Medical Teams International, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Economics, NMSM Government College, Kalpetta, India
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Clinical Research and Operations, Foundation for Scientific Research (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St. Louis, MO, United States
Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
HIV and TB Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, ALZAK Foundation, Cartagena, Colombia
Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Nutrition & Food Science Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababab, Ethiopia
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Independent Consultant, Windsor, MB, Canada
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Biology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Department of Healthcare Management and Education, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica
School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Aden College, Aden, Yemen
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Research and Innovation, Petanux Research GmBH, Bonn, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Endocrinology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Internal Medicine Department, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires (Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
Infection and Global Health Research, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Research Department, D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Epidemiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Cardiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Asian Institute of Public Health University, Bhubaneswar, India
Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública), Salvador, Brazil
School of Health Sciences, University of Science Malaysia (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Department of Community Health Nursing, Airlangaa University (Universitas Airlangga), Surabaya, Indonesia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Behavioural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Kottayam, India
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Cairo, Egypt
Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Human Nutrition, Aksum University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, United States
Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
Department of Health Policy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Milan, Italy
College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
Non-communicable Diseases Department, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University (Universitas Airlangga), Surabaya, Indonesia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Biology Department, Utica College, Utica, NY, United States
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, United Kingdom
Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Deputy of Education, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Department of Global Health
Global Programs
Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine
Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Montreal Neurological Institute
Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Research Development Unit
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Department of Neurology
Tropical Medicine Department
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Neuroscience Research Center
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Economics
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Research
Department of Clinical Sciences
Harvard Medical School
Department of Medicine
Department of Disease Control
Clinical Research and Operations
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
College of Medicine
School of Medicine
Population Health Sciences
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis
Department of Global Health
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
School of Health
Social Behavioral Research Branch
Department of Oncology
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
Lincoln Medical School
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Australian Center for Precision Health
Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Health Information Management and Technology Department
Center for Health System Research
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Midwifery
HIV and TB Research Directorate
Institute of Health Research
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Health Economics Department
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Epidemiology
Medical Research Center
Department of Parasitology
Department of Community Medicine
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Health Services Management Department
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Mansoura University
Faculty of Medicine
Pharmacy Department
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Division of Human Nutrition and Health
Nutrition & Food Science Research Directorate
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Agribusiness Study Program
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
Department of Pathology
Department of Psychology
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Public Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Independent Consultant
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Department of Plastic Surgery
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Epilepsy Research Center
Department of Neurology
School of Public Health
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Biology
Department of Immunology
Faculty of Nursing
School of Business
Department of Nursing
The Judith Lumley Centre
School of Public Health
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health Medicine
Department of Community Health and Primary Care
Public Health Risk Sciences Division
Department of Nutritional Sciences
Department of Forensic Science
Department of Healthcare Management and Education
Centre for Community Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Neurosciences
School of Medicine
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Center for Primary Care
School of Public Health
Health Human Resources Research Center
Department of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Jazan University
Department of Public Health
School of the Environment
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Biostatistics
School of Public Health
Public Health Research Laboratory
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Department of Global Health
Centre for Global Child Health
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
Department of Medicine
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Department of Research and Innovation
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Endocrinology
University of Genoa
Department of Epidemiology
Cancer Population Sciences Program
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Community Medicine
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Institute of Microengineering
Internal Medicine Department
Board of Directors
Centre for Population Health Sciences
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Department of Health Care
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Infection and Global Health Research
Regional Infectious Diseases Unit
Institute of Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Microbiology & Infection Control
Department of Medicine
Research Department
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Melbourne Medical School
Maternal and Child Health Division
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Safety
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Community Medicine
Environmental Health Department
Department of Cardiology
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Pathology
Department of Pathology
Division of Women and Child Health
James P Grant School of Public Health
Asian Institute of Public Health University
Department of Population and Development
Health Research Institute
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research
School of Public Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Nursing
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Health Research Section
Department of Microbiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Development of Research and Technology Center
Institute of Health Economics and Technology
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Health Policy and Management
School of Public Health
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
School of Health Sciences
Department of Community Health Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Behavioural Sciences
Department of Food Science and Nutrition
Center for Food Science and Nutrition
Neurophysiology Department
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department
Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities Hospitals
Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department
Department of Biosciences
Clinical Pathology Department
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmaceutics Research Center
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Division of Non-Communicable Diseases
Department of Health Policy and Administration
College of Medicine
Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’
Department of Biology
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Satcher Health Leadership Institute
School of Medicine
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
College of Medicine and Public Health
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Research Center of Neurology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Neurobiology
Division of Neurology
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Research Center on Public Health
Institute of Gerontology
Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology
Department of Medical Parasitology
Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care
School of Public Health
Department of Dermatology
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Gillings School of Global Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Human Nutrition
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Nursing
Department of Nursing
Department of Reproductive Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology
Pfizer Vaccines
Agency of Preventive Medicine
Department of Public Health
Infectious Disease Research Center
Pediatric Department
Department of Parasitology and Entomology
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
Department of Neurology
Occupational Health Department
Student Research Committee
Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
Afro-Asian Institute
Adelaide Medical School
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Department of Exercise and Health Sciences
Department of Dermatology
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Health Policy
Neurology
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Epidemiology
Non-communicable Diseases Department
Department of Preventive Cardiology
Department of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Obesity Research Center
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Institute for Social Science Research
ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course
Department of Pharmacy
School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy
Biology Department
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Public Health
Center for International Health (CIH)
Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS)
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Independent Consultant
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Big Data Institute
School of Business
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Public Health
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Pediatrics
Research Department
Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS)
Deputy of Education
Institute of Research and Development
Department of Computer Science
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Clinical Legal Medicine Department
National School of Tropical Medicine
College of Science and Engineering
School of Public Health
School of Nursing
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Occupational Safety and Health

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