Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Kerr J.A. Patton G.C. Cini K.I. Abate Y.H. Abbas N. Abd Al Magied A.H.A. Abd ElHafeez S. Abd-Elsalam S. Abdollahi A. Abdoun M. Abdulah D.M. Abdulkader R.S. Abdullahi A. Abeywickrama H.M. Abie A. Abiodun O. Abohashem S. Abtahi D. Abualruz H. Abubakar B. Abu-Gharbieh E. Abukhadijah H.J. Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E. Aburuz S. Abu-Zaid A. Adams L.C. Adane M.M. Addo I.Y. Adedokun K.A. Adegoke N.A. Adesola R.O. Adetunji J.B. Adeyeoluwa T.E. Adiga U. Adnani Q.E.S. Afify A.Y. Afolabi A.A. Afzal M.S. Afzal S. Agampodi S.B. Aghamiri S. Sobrinho C.A. Agyemang-Duah W. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahlstrom A.J. Ahmad A. Ahmad D. Ahmad F. Ahmad M.M. Ahmad N. Ahmad S. Ahmed A. Ahmed H. Ahmed L.A. Ahmed M.S. Ahmed M.S. Ahmed S.A. Ajami M. Akkaif M.A. Akrami A.E. Al Hamad H. Al Hasan S.M. Al Taani Z. Al Thaher Y. Alalwan T.A. Al-Aly Z. Alam K. Al-Amer R.M. Alansari A. Al-Ashwal F.Y. Albashtawy M. Alemayehu B.A. Algammal A.M. Alhabib K.F. Alhuwail D. Ali A. Ali E.A. Ali M.D. Ali M.U. Ali R. Ali W. Alif S.M. Alimohamadi Y. 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Zhao H. Zheng D.X. Zhong A. Zhong C.C. Zhou J. Zhu B. Zhumagaliuly A. Zieliñska M. Zitoun O.A. Zoghi G. Zou Z. Zyoud S.H. Gakidou E. Sawyer S.M. Azzopardi P.S.
8 March 2025Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2025#405Issue 10481785 - 812 pp.
Background: Despite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. Methods: Using established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. Findings: Between 1990 and 2021, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents doubled, and that of obesity alone tripled. By 2021, 93·1 million (95% uncertainty interval 89·6–96·6) individuals aged 5–14 years and 80·6 million (78·2–83·3) aged 15–24 years had obesity. At the super-region level in 2021, the prevalence of overweight and of obesity was highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and the greatest increase from 1990 to 2021 was seen in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Taiwan [province of China], Maldives, and China). By 2021, for females in both age groups, many countries in Australasia (eg, Australia) and in high-income North America (eg, Canada) had already transitioned to obesity predominance, as had males and females in a number of countries in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Qatar) and Oceania (eg, Cook Islands and American Samoa). From 2022 to 2050, global increases in overweight (not obesity) prevalence are forecasted to stabilise, yet the increase in the absolute proportion of the global population with obesity is forecasted to be greater than between 1990 and 2021, with substantial increases forecast between 2022 and 2030, which continue between 2031 and 2050. By 2050, super-region obesity prevalence is forecasted to remain highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and forecasted increases in obesity are still expected to be largest across southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Timor-Leste and North Korea), but also in south Asia (eg, Nepal and Bangladesh). Compared with those aged 15–24 years, in most super-regions (except Latin America and the Caribbean and the high-income super-region) a greater proportion of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity than overweight by 2050. Globally, 15·6% (12·7–17·2) of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity by 2050 (186 million [141–221]), compared with 14·2% (11·4–15·7) of those aged 15–24 years (175 million [136–203]). We forecasted that by 2050, there will be more young males (aged 5–14 years) living with obesity (16·5% [13·3–18·3]) than overweight (12·9% [12·2–13·6]); while for females (aged 5–24 years) and older males (aged 15–24 years), overweight will remain more prevalent than obesity. At a regional level, the following populations are forecast to have transitioned to obesity (vs overweight) predominance before 2041–50: children and adolescents (males and females aged 5–24 years) in north Africa and the Middle East and Tropical Latin America; males aged 5–14 years in east Asia, central and southern sub-Saharan Africa, and central Latin America; females aged 5–14 years in Australasia; females aged 15–24 years in Australasia, high-income North America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa; and males aged 15–24 years in high-income North America. Interpretation: Both overweight and obesity increased substantially in every world region between 1990 and 2021, suggesting that current approaches to curbing increases in overweight and obesity have failed a generation of children and adolescents. Beyond 2021, overweight during childhood and adolescence is forecast to stabilise due to further increases in the population who have obesity. Increases in obesity are expected to continue for all populations in all world regions. Because substantial change is forecasted to occur between 2022 and 2030, immediate actions are needed to address this public health crisis. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Centre for Adolescent Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong
Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
Midwifery Department, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Food Technology Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Translational Research Team, Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Internal Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Jordan Medical Association, Amman, Jordan
Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
University Diabetes Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Information Science Department, Kuwait University, Sabah Alsalem University City, Kuwait
Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Amman, Jordan
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Nursing, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Department of General Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Division of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Rome, Italy
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Disciple of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan
Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Australian College of Applied Professions, Australian College of Applied Professions, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
University of Sulaimani, Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Nutrition Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseas
Centre for Adolescent Health
Population Health Theme
Department of Psychological Medicine
Department of Paediatrics
Population Interventions Unit
Department of Medicine
Department of Paediatrics
Centre for Adolescent Health
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
College of Pharmacy
College of Medicine
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
Ajman University
Department of Epidemiology
Tropical Health Department
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Endocrine Research Center
Department of Echocardiography
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health
Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
National Institute of Epidemiology
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Physiotherapy
School of Health Sciences
Midwifery Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Public Health Nutrition
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Community Medicine
Cardiovascular Research Center
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department of Radiology
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Division of Global Health Equity
Joslin Diabetes Center
Harvard Medical School
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Biotechnology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Food Science and Nutrition
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Food Technology Research
Department of Health Management
Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Skull Base Research Center
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Student Research Committee
Department of Immunology
Department of Medical Education
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Clinical Science Department
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Physiotherapy
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
College of Pharmacy
School of Nursing
Medical Research Center
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care
Rumailah Hospital
Department of Surgery
Research Department
Institute of Community and Public Health
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Institute of Public Health
Family Medicine Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Medicine
College of Pharmacy
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
School of Medicine
School of Architecture
Concord Clinical School
University of Sydney
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
International Centre for Future Health Systems
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies
The George Institute for Global Health
Department of Immunology
Department of Medicine
Translational Research Team
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
College of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor
Department of Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Neurology
Technical Services Directorate
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of New Initiatives
Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center
SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center
Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT)
Department of Public Health Sciences
School of Public Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Discipline of Physiotherapy
School of Biomedical Engineering
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
School of Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
College of Medicine
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
College of Applied Sciences
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
College of Nursing
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine
Medical Scientist Training Program
Department of Preventive Medicine
Division of Public Health Sciences
Department of Research and Development
Department of Surgery
Jordan Medical Association
Faculty of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Department of Biology
College of Health and Sport Sciences
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
School of Nursing
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Engineering
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice
Department of Community and Mental Health
Department of Bacteriology
Department of Cardiac Sciences
Department of Physiology
University Diabetes Center
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Information Science Department
Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab
Department of Zoology
Department of Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Biosciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
Department of Geography
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI)
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
College of Life Sciences
Department of Cardiology
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs
Department of Biology
Amman
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Liver
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Nursing
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University Institute of Public Health
University College of Medicine & Dentistry
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Bariatric and Metabolic Institute
Department of Thoracic Surgery
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Public Health
Spiritual Health Research Center
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Institute of Health Research
Department of Nursing
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Department of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Department of General Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Dermatology
School of Pharmacy
Department of Physiotherapy
Regenerative Medicine
Pediatric Diseases Research Center
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital
Department of Surgery
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
Rural Health Research Institute
Division of Gastroenterology
Division of Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterology Department
College of Pharmacy
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Faculty of Nursing
Division of Epidemiology
Department of Cardiovascular
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery
School of Health and Social Studies
School of Health Sciences
Disciple of Child and Adolescent Health
Institute for Biomedical Problems
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Pharmacology
Kasturba Medical College Mangalore
Kasturba Medical College Manipal
Department of Pharmacology
Kasturba Medical College
Cabrini Research
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR)
Deakin Health Economics
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
Department of Immunology
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing
School of Medicine and Public Health
Australian College of Applied Professions
Department of Forensic Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
School of Nursing and Public Health
Institute of Public Health
Department of Biochemistry
School of Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Medicine
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
School of Medicine
Department of Surgery
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Childrens Medical Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
Department of Neurology
Sina Hospital
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Anesthesia
University of Sulaimani
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
ASIDE Healthcare
Faculty of Medicine
Geriatric Unit
Nutrition Research Center
Department of Pathology
School of Medicine
Epilepsy Research Center
Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine
Trauma Research Center
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Health Policy Research Center
Department of Medicine
Department of Population Medicine
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Clinical Pathology
Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Cardiology
Faculty of Pharmacy
Microbiology Department
Health Research Institute
School of Public Affairs
International Medical School
Division of Biological Sciences
Center of Innovation
Department of Medicine
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology
Maternal and Child Health Division
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Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026