The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: Cross-National Measurement Invariance and Convergent Validity Evidence

Jovanović V. Rudnev M. Abdelrahman M. Kadir N.A. Adebayo D.F. Akaliyski P. Alaseel R. Alkamali Y.A. Palacio L.M.A. Amin A. Andres A. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Aruta J.J.B. Avanesyan H.M. Ayub N. Bacikova-Sleskova M. Baikanova R. Bakkar B. Bartoluci S. Benitez D. Bodnar I. Bolatov A. Borchet J. Bosnar K. Broche-Pérez Y. Buzea C. Cassibba R. Grazioso M.D.P. Dhakal S. Dimitrova R. Dominguez A. Duong C.D. Thome L.D. Estavela A.J. Fayankinnu E.A. Ferenczi N. Fernández-Morales R. Friehs M.-T. Gaete J. Edine W.G. Gindi S. Giordani R.C.F. Gjoneska B. Godoy J.C. Hancheva C.D. Hapunda G. Hihara S. Islam M.S. Janovská A. Javakhishvili N. Kabir R.S. Kabunga A. Karakulak A. Karl J.A. Katović D. Kauyzbay Z. Kaźmierczak M. Khanna R. Khosla M. Kisaakye P. Klicperova-Baker M. Kokera R. Kozina A. Krauss S.E. Landabur R. Lefringhausen K. Lewandowska-Walter A. Liang Y.-H. Lizarzaburu-Aguinaga D. Steinmetz L.C.L. Makashvili A. Malik S. Manrique-Millones D. Martín-Carbonell M. Yunes M.A.M. McGrath B. Mechili E.A. Alvarez M. Mhizha S. Michałek-Kwiecień J. Mishra S.K. Mohammadi M. Mohsen F. Moreta-Herrera R. Muradyan M.D. Musso P. Naterer A. Nemat A. Neto F. Neto J. Okati-Aliabad H. Orellana C.I. Orellana L. Park J. Pavlova I. Peralta E.A. Petrytsa P. Valickiene R.P. Pišot S. Šolcová I.P. Prot F. Dimitrovska G.R. Rivera R.M. Riyanti B.P.D. Saiful M.S.H. Samekin A. Seisembekov T. Serapinas D. Sharafi Z. Sharma P. Shukla S. Silletti F. Skrzypińska K. Smith-Castro V. Solomontos-Kountouri O. Stanciu A. Ştefenel D. Stogianni M. Stuart J. Sudarnoto L.F. Sultana M.S. Sulejmanović D. Suryani A.O. Tair E. Tavitian-Elmadjian L. Uka F. Wendt G.W. Yang P.-J. Yıldırım E. Yu Y.
31 January 2024 American Psychological Association

Psychological Assessment
2024 #36 Issue 1 14 - 29 pp.

Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS)is a widely used measure that captures somatic symptoms of coronavirus- related anxiety. In a large-scale collaboration spanning 60 countries (Ntotal = 21,513), we examined the CAS’s measurement invariance and assessed the convergent validity of CAS scores in relation to the fear of COVID-19(FCV-19S) and the satisfaction with life (SWLS-3) scales. We utilized both conventional exact invariance tests and alignmentprocedures,with results revealing that the single-factor model fit the data well in almost all countries. Partial scalar invariance was supported in a subset of 56 countries. To ensure the robustness of results, given the unbalanced samples, we employed resampling techniques both with and without replacement and found the results were more stable in larger samples. The alignment procedure demonstrated a high degree of measurement invariance with 9% of the parameters exhibiting non-invariance. Wealso conducted simulations of alignment using the parameters estimated in the current model. Findings demonstrated reliability of the means but indicated challenges in estimating the latent variances. Strong positive correlations between CAS and FCV-19S estimated with all three different approaches were found in most countries. Correlations of CAS and SWLS-3were weakandnegativebutsignificantly differed from zero in several countries. Overall, the study provided support for the measurement invariance of the CAS and offered evidence of its convergent validity while also highlighting issues with variance estimation.

alignment , coronavirus anxiety , culture , measurement invariance , validity

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Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Qatar
Center for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria
Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
College of Medicine, Syrian Private University, Syrian Arab Republic
Islamic Studies, College of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Mohamed Bin Zayed University for Humanities, United Arab Emirates
Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad del Norte, Colombia
Department of Physical Education, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Department of Psychology, De La Salle University, Philippines
General Psychology Chair, Yerevan State University, Armenia
Faculty of Psychology and Education, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia
School of Medicine, Astana Medical University, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Clinical Psychology, Albizu University, United States
Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture, Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Ukraine
Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
Department of Psychology, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Cuba
Department of Social Sciences and Communication, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Italy
Asociación Proyecto Aiglé Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
Department of Psychology, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala
Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
Department of Psychology, Ibero-American University, Mexico
Faculty of Business Management, National Economics University, Viet Nam
Department of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Instituto Superior de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Lúrio, Mozambique
Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria
Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Makerere University, Uganda
Department of Social Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, Uganda
Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala
Department of Humanities, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Guatemala
Faculty for Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany
Faculty of Education, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
Faculty of Education, Beit Berl College, Israel
Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria
Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Zambia
Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
Faculty of Business Administration, Matsuyama University, Japan
Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh
Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Dhaka, Savar, Bangladesh
Dimitri Uznadze Institute of Psychology, Ilia State University, Georgia
Department of Psychiatry, Lira University, Uganda
Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey
School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Ireland
School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Department of Family Medicine, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Kazakhstan
School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, India
Department of Population Studies, Makerere University, Uganda
Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Department of Applied Psychology, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
Evaluation Studies Centre, Educational Research Institute, Slovenia
Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Department of Psychology, University of Atacama, Chile
Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom
Department of Education, University of Taipei, Taiwan
School of Environmental Engineering, Universidad César Vallejo, Peru
Decanato de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Siglo 21, Argentina
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Peru
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Cooperative University of Colombia, Colombia
Post Graduation Program of Psychology, Salgado de Oliveira University, Brazil
Department of Academic Affairs, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, United States
Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, Albania
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Indore, India
Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador
Decanato de Investigación y Vinculación, Universidad de Las Américas
Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Microbiology Department, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Afghanistan
Department of Psychology, University of Porto, Portugal
Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Universidade Portucalense, Portugal
Social Sciences Doctoral Program, Don Bosco University, El Salvador
Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile
Department of Management, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Japan
Medicine School, Mother and Teacher Pontifical Catholic University, Dominican Republic
Department of Physical Education and Rehabilitation, Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ukraine
Institute of Psychology, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania
Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center Koper, Slovenia
Higher Medical School, University St. Kliment Ohridski Bitola, North Macedonia
Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
Department of Statistics, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Kazakhstan
Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, India
Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Institute for Psychological Research, University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica
Theological School, Church of Cyprus, Cyprus
Data and Research on Society, GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany
Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania
Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Netherlands
UNU Institute Macau, United Nations University, Macao
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
Islamic Pedagogic Faculty, University of Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of Psychology, Institute for Population and Human Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Haigazian University, Lebanon
Department of Psychology, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Serbia
Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Western Paraná State University, Brazil
Graduate Institute of Social Work, National Chengchi University, Taiwan
Department of Clinical Psychology, Yeditepe University, Turkey
Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Singapore Centre for Character and Citizenship Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
School of Social Sciences and Humanities
Center for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being
Department of Pure and Applied Psychology
Department of Sociology and Social Policy
College of Medicine
Islamic Studies
Departamento de Salud Pública
Department of Physical Education
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Psychology
General Psychology Chair
Faculty of Psychology and Education
Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology
School of Medicine
Faculty of Kinesiology
Department of Clinical Psychology
Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture
Institute of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Social Sciences and Communication
Department of Education
Asociación Proyecto Aiglé Guatemala
Department of Psychology
Central Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Business Management
Department of Psychology
Departamento de Pós-Graduação
Department of Sociology
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
Department of Social Sciences
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Psychology
Department of Humanities
Faculty for Psychology
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Education
Department of Nutrition
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas
Department of General
Department of Psychology
Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences
Faculty of Business Administration
Department of Public Health and Informatics
Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health
Dimitri Uznadze Institute of Psychology
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Psychology
School of Psychology
School of Psychology
Department of Family Medicine
School of Human Ecology
Daulat Ram College
Department of Population Studies
Institute of Psychology
Department of Applied Psychology
Evaluation Studies Centre
Institute for Social Science Studies
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Education
School of Environmental Engineering
Decanato de Ciencias Sociales
Department of Psychology
Carrera de Psicología
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences
Post Graduation Program of Psychology
Department of Academic Affairs
Department of Healthcare
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Area
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Area
Escuela de Psicología
Decanato de Investigación y Vinculación
Faculty of Arts
Microbiology Department
Department of Psychology
Research on Economics
Social Sciences Doctoral Program
Departamento de Psicología
Department of Management
Medicine School
Department of Physical Education and Rehabilitation
Institute of Psychology
Institute for Kinesiology Research
Higher Medical School
Faculty of Psychology
Department of Statistics
School of Liberal Arts
Department of Clinical Psychology
Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society
Institute for Psychological Research
Theological School
Data and Research on Society
Faculty of Social Science and Humanities
Department of Culture Studies
UNU Institute Macau
School of Applied Psychology
Islamic Pedagogic Faculty
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Postgraduate Program in Applied Health Sciences
Graduate Institute of Social Work
Department of Clinical Psychology
Centre for Research in Child Development
Singapore Centre for Character and Citizenship Education

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