Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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October 2024Elsevier Ltd
The Lancet Neurology
2024#23Issue 10973 - 1003 pp.
Background: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. Methods: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Interpretation: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Neurology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Internal Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. Johns, NL, Canada
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Informatics and Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen Keskus (Center for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Department of Surgery, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Vaccination Research Observatory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Halle, Germany
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Clinical Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Mathematics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Basic Medical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Translational Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Department of Animal Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Geography and Planning, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Geography, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Moyen Mono Health District, Ministry of Health, Tohoun, Togo
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Health Management Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, United States
Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
General Directorate of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Neurology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
Adult Health and Critical Care Department, Sultan Qabos University, Alseeb, Oman
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Division of Community Medicine and Public Health, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Dentistry, Sanaa, Yemen
Irbid, Jordan
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital del Mar Research Institute Barcelona (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Barcelona, Spain
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, St. Christophers Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Allied Medical Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Karak, Jordan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medi
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
School of Medicine
School of Health Systems and Public Health
Department of Neurology
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Global Health
Division of Cardiology
Third Department of Neurology
Research Center of Neurology
Department of Nursing
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Department of Epidemiology
Neurology Department
Tropical Health Department
Department of Pathology
Department of Neurology
Department of Internal Medicine
Public Health and Community Medicine Department
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC)
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
Department of Surgery
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Medicine
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
School of Medicine
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Radiology
Department of Cardiology
Endocrine Research Center
Department of Echocardiography
Eye Research Center
Department of Health Economics
Department of Anesthesiology
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Evidence-Based Practice Center
Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
Department of Radiology
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Informatics and Radiology
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
College of Medicine
Basic Sciences Department
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Midwifery
Postgraduate Department
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen Keskus (Center for Social Data Science)
Department of Public Health
University of Helsinki
Department of Botany
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Surgery
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Institute of Health Research
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
School of Nursing
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Clinical Medicine
Clinical Hospital
Department of Applied Nursing
Department of Internal Medicine
Centre of Telehealth
Vaccination Research Observatory
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Biotechnology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Urology
Internal Medicine Department
School of Medicine
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medical Genetics
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services
Obesity Research Center
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health
Department of Neurosurgery
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Skull Base Research Center
Student Research Committee
Department of Immunology
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Medical Education
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Department of Neurology
Department of Nursing
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
School of Pharmacy
Clinical Department
Department of Mathematics
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Basic Medical Sciences Department
Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences
Department of Clinical Science
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Academic Health System
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care
Rumailah Hospital
Institute of Community and Public Health
Department of Therapeutics
Institute of Public Health
Family Medicine Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Medicine
College of Pharmacy
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Clinical Medicine
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
Department of Translational Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
Department of Public Health
Department of Biomedical Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
School of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Medicine
School of Architecture
Westmead Clinical School
Save Sight Institute
Department of Public Health
University of Sydney
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
School of Medicine
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies
The George Institute for Global Health
Department of Medical Rehabilitation
Department of Animal Sciences
Menzies School of Health Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Public Health Section
Department of Public Health
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation
Technical Services Directorate
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Geography and Planning
School of Public Health
School of Life Sciences
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
Department of Medical Oncology
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health
School of Public Health
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Biostatistics
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Department of Medical Informatics
Clinial Research Development Unit
Department of Medicine
Department of Medical Genetics
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH)
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Geography
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
Moyen Mono Health District
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry
Department of Health Promotion and Education
College of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Public Health
Institute of Neuroscience
Department of Cardiology
School of Public Health
Department of Health Management Center
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Communicable Diseases
Centre of Studies and Research
Middle East
Department of Surgery
Department of Research and Development
Al Al-Bayt University
Department of Internal Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Biology
College of Health and Sport Sciences
Clinical Epidemiology Center
School of Nursing
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Engineering
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
General Directorate of Research and Studies
Department of Neurology
Institute of Public Health
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
School of Medicine and Public Health
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
College of Nursing
Department of Population Medicine
QU Health
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
Psychological Sciences Association
Adult Health and Critical Care Department
Department of Zoology
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
School of Nursing
Department of Biosciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc)
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Geography
Department of Adult Health and Critical Care
Department of Maternal and Child Health
Department of Nuclear Medicine
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Medical Radiation Sciences
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
School of Psychological Sciences
Eastern Health Clinical School
Department of Medicine
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
Division of Community Medicine and Public Health
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Cardiology
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs
Department of Biology
Department of Dentistry
Irbid
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Public Health
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences
Department of Respiratory Care
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Physical Therapy
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Department of Emergency Medicine
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
Department of Oral Biology
University Institute of Public Health
University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Lahore Business School
The University of Lahore
Research
Applied Science Research Center
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Allied Medical Science
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Thoracic Surgery
Department of Internal Medicine
Lerner Research Institute
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Brigham and Womens Hospital
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Center for Primary Care
Harvard Business School
Department of Epidemiology
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Department of Global Health and Population
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Health Policy Research Center
Health Information Management
Medical School
Epilepsy Research Center
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Medicine
School of Global Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Biostatistics
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Neurosurgery
School of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Management
Division of Cardiology
Department of International Health
Quran and Hadith Research Center
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Dermatology
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences
Poche Centre for Indigenous Health
The University of Queensland
Neurology Department
Department of Child Neurology
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Cardiology
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