Bee Bread Granule Drying in a Solar Dryer with Mobile Shelves
Daurenova I. Mustafayeva A. Khazimov K. Pegna F. Khazimov M.
October 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Energies
2025#18Issue 20
This paper presents the development and evaluation of an autonomous solar dryer designed to enhance the drying efficiency of bee bread granules. In contrast to natural open-air drying, the proposed system utilizes solar energy in an oscillating operational mode to achieve a controlled and accelerated drying process. The dryer comprises a solar collector integrated into the base of the drying chamber, which facilitates convective heating of the drying agent (air). The system is further equipped with a photovoltaic panel to generate electricity for powering and controlling the operation of air extraction fans. The methodology combines numerical modeling with experimental studies, structured by an experimental design framework. The modeling component simulates variations in temperature (288–315 K) and relative humidity within a layer of bee bread granules subjected to a convective air flow. The numerical simulation enabled the determination of the following: the time required to achieve a stationary operating mode in the dryer chamber (20 min); and the rate of change in moisture content within the granule layer during conventional drying (18 h) and solar drying treatment (6 h). The experimental investigations focused on determining the effects of granule mass, air flow rate, and drying time on the moisture content and temperature of the granular layer of Bee Bread. A statistically grounded analysis, based on the design of experiments (DoE), demonstrated a reduction in moisture content from an initial 16.2–18.26% to a final 11.1–12.1% under optimized conditions. Linear regression models were developed to describe the dependencies for both natural and forced convection drying. A comparative evaluation using enthalpy–humidity (I-d) diagrams revealed a notable improvement in the drying efficiency of the proposed method compared to natural drying. This enhanced performance is attributed to the system’s intermittent operational mode and its ability to actively remove moist air. The results confirm the potential of the developed system for sustainable and energy-efficient drying of bee bread granules in remote areas with limited access to a conventional power grid.
ANSYS Fluent , bee bread granule , bee products , Python , shelving , solar dryer , solar energy , temperature
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Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Institute of Energy and Green Technologies, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications Named After Gumarbek Daukeyev, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
School of Applied Mathematics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Information Systems, SDU University, Kaskelen, 040900, Kazakhstan
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50100, Italy
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Institute of Energy and Green Technologies
School of Applied Mathematics
Department of Information Systems
Department of Agriculture
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