Effects of different wheat malt on beer characteristics, including amino acids, gamma aminobutyric acid, biogenic amines, and volatile compounds

Bakytzhan D. Askarbekov E. Klupsaite D. Mockus E. Starkute V. Mozuriene E. Ruibys R. Bartkiene E.
December 2025 Elsevier B.V.

Applied Food Research
2025 #5 Issue 2

This study examined the effects of beer recipe variations using three different types of wheat malt, derived from low-protein Kazakhstan wheat cereal varieties “Ertis-7″ (beer E7), “Tauelsyzdyk-20″ (beer T20), and “Matay” (beer M), on the characteristics of beer. Furthermore, the links between sensory acceptability, emotions elicited by beer samples for panelists, and the levels of free amino acids (AAs), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), biogenic amines (BAs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were assessed. All beer samples were similar in the overall acceptability, but different wheat malts significantly affected the intensity of the emotions and content of all free AAs in the beer samples (p ≤ 0.001). The highest GABA content was found in beer E7 (283.9 µmol/L), while the lowest level of BAs (only putrescine) was detected in beer T20 (8.36 mg/L). Beers E7 and T20 contained 41 VOCs, while 52 VOCs were identified in M. The wheat malt significantly influenced the content of most VOCs. Numerous interactions between the analyzed characteristics of beer were revealed in this study. Further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms behind these interactions and their impact on beer characteristics.

Aromatic compounds , Brewing , Emotions , Low-protein wheat malt , Overall acceptability , Protein-based substances , Safety

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Faculty of Food Technologies, Almaty Technological University, Tole bi st., 100, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181, LT-44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio str. 58, LT-44244, Kaunas, Lithuania

Faculty of Food Technologies
Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies
Department of Food Safety and Quality
Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences

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