Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c
Zhou B. Sheffer K.E. Bennett J.E. Gregg E.W. Danaei G. Singleton R.K. Shaw J.E. Mishra A. Lhoste V.P.F. Carrillo-Larco R.M. Kengne A.P. Phelps N.H. Heap R.A. Rayner A.W. Stevens G.A. Paciorek C.J. Riley L.M. Cowan M.J. Savin S. Vander Hoorn S. Lu Y. Pavkov M.E. Imperatore G. Aguilar-Salinas C.A. Ahmad N.A. Anjana R.M. Davletov K. Farzadfar F. González-Villalpando C. Khang Y.-H. Kim H.C. Laatikainen T. Laxmaiah A. Mbanya J.C.N. Narayan K.M.V. Ramachandran A. Wade A.N. Zdrojewski T. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Rahim H.F.A. Abu-Rmeileh N.M. Adambekov S. Adams R.J. Aekplakorn W. Agdeppa I.A. Aghazadeh-Attari J. Agyemang C. Ahmadi A. Ahmadi N. Ahmadi N. Ahmed S.H. Ajlouni K. Al-Hinai H. Al-Lahou B. Al-Lawati J.A. Asfoor D.A. Al Qaoud N.M. Alarouj M. AlBuhairan F. AlDhukair S. Aldwairji M.A. Ali M.M. Alinezhad F. Alkandari A. Alomirah H.F. Aly E. Amarapurkar D.N. Andersen L.B. Anderssen S.A. Andrade D.S. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Aounallah-Skhiri H. Aris T. Arlappa N. Aryal K.K. Assah F.K. Assembekov B. 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Van Schoor N.M. van Valkengoed I.G.M. van Zutphen E.M. Vanderschueren D. Vanuzzo D. Vasan S.K. Vega T. Velasquez-Melendez G. Verstraeten R. Viet L. Villalpando S. Vioque J. Virtanen J.K. Viswanathan B. Voutilainen A. Wan Bebakar W.M. Wan Mohamud W.N. Wang C. Wang N. Wang Q. Wang Y.X. Wang Y.-W. Wannamethee S.G. Webster-Kerr K. Wedderkopp N. Wei W. Westbury L.D. Whincup P.H. Widhalm K. Widyahening I.S. Więcek A. Wilks R.J. Willeit J. Willeit P. Wilsgaard T. Wojtyniak B. Wong A. Wong E.B. Woodward M. Wu F.C. Xu H. Xu L. Yaacob N.A. Yan L. Yan W. Yoosefi M. Yoshihara A. Younger-Coleman N.O. Yu Y.-L. Yu Y. Yusoff A.F. Zainuddin A.A. Zamani F. Zambon S. Zampelas A. Zaw K.K. Zeljkovic Vrkic T. Zeng Y. Zhang Z.-Y. Zholdin B. Zimmet P. Zitt E. Zoghlami N. Zuñiga Cisneros J. Ezzati M.
November 2023Nature Research
Nature Medicine
2023#29Issue 112885 - 2901 pp.
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.
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RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
India Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines
Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, Pakistan
Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Cafam University Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia
Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, Delhi, India
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
University of Turin, Turin, Italy
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles
Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland
Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
The Fred Hollows Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand
University of the Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy
Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
Sanpasitthiprasong Regional Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206, Paris, France
Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
University of Malta, Msida, Malta
National Research Council, Reggio Calabria, Italy
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz, Iran
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Innovating Health International, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
IRL 3189 ESS, Marseille, France
Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain
Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain
Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Wuqu’ Kawoq, Tecpan, Guatemala
Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
University Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
International Clinical Research Center, Brno, Czech Republic
Centro de Estudios en Diabetes A.C, Mexico City, Mexico
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
University of Lille, Lille, France
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Chronic Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, France
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
University Oran 1, Oran, Algeria
Independent Public Health Specialist, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Gambia National Nutrition Agency, Banjul, Gambia
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Heart Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
World Health Organization Country Office, Delhi, India
Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
University of Opole, Opole, Poland
University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan, Iran
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
University College South Denmark, Haderslev, Denmark
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia
Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
Stellennbosch University, Polokwane, South Africa
Ministry of Health, Algiers, Algeria
Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland
Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar
Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Gubbio, Italy
Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, United States
Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Padua, Italy
Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Academia VBHC, São Paulo, Brazil
Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
University of Abidjan, Abidjan, Cote dIvoire
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health, Panama City, Panama
University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba
University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
World Health Organization Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi
Department of Public Health, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
University de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
Ministry of Health, Apia, Samoa
Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
Precision Care Clinic Corp, St. Cloud, FL, United States
Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
University of Abuja College of Health Sciences, Abuja, Nigeria
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
Osteoporosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy
Jivandeep Hospital, Anand, India
Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola
Vietnam National Heart Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
National Hospital of Endocrinology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
Observatorio de Salud Pública de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
CS S. Agustín Ibsalut, Palma, Spain
Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
Canarian Health Service, Tenerife, Spain
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Ministery of Health and Social Protection, Bogotá, Colombia
Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Reggio Calabria, Italy
Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
University or Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
Wellbeing Services County of South Karelia, Lappeenranta, Finland
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Academy of Preventive Medicine, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
University of Bari, Bari, Italy
University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali, Colombia
Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
National Statistical Office, Praia, Cape Verde
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Madrid, Spain
Department of Health, Faga’alu, American Samoa
LBJ Hospital, Faga’alu, American Samoa
Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Tampere, Finland
MONICA-FRIULI Study Group, Udine, Italy
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
CIBERESP, Alicante, Spain
Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Kingston, Jamaica
St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Peking University, Beijing, China
Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
West Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences
Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Emory University
South African Medical Research Council
World Health Organization
University of California Berkeley
University of Auckland
Yale School of Public Health
US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion
Ministry of Health
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Public Health
Seoul National University College of Medicine
Yonsei University College of Medicine
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition
University of Yaoundé 1
India Diabetes Research Foundation
University of the Witwatersrand
Medical University of Gdansk
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center
Qatar University
Birzeit University
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Flinders University
Mahidol University
Food and Nutrition Research Institute
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
University of Amsterdam
Modeling in Health Research Center
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences
University of Oslo
The National Center for Diabetes
Ministry of Health
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Ministry of Health
Dasman Diabetes Institute
Aldara Hospital and Medical Center
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
Universidad de Cuenca
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Public Health
University of Bergen
Oulu University Hospital
University of Oulu
Regional Authority of Public Health
Diabetic Association of Bangladesh
Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
University of Science and Technology
Medical University of Lodz
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP
University of Palermo
University of Miami
University Hospital Centre Zagreb
Universidad del Valle
Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto
University of Sydney
Christian Medical College Vellore
University Tunis El Manar
Cafam University Foundation
Kazakh National Medical University
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
University of São Paulo
Sunder Lal Jain Hospital
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies
Ufa Eye Research Institute
Nepal Health Research Council
University of Southern Denmark
University of Gothenburg
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
University of Turin
University College London
Universidad de la República
IRCCS Neuromed
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social
KU Leuven
Ministry of Health
Unisanté
Universidad Central de Venezuela
German Cancer Research Center
The Fred Hollows Foundation
University of the Andes
Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa
University College Copenhagen
Universidad de La Laguna
Pan American Health Organization
Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
National Institute of Public Health
Gaetano Fucito Hospital
Karolinska Institutet
Santiago de Compostela University
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics
Sanpasitthiprasong Regional Hospital
Federation University Australia
Xiangtan University
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
CIBERESP
Medical University of Silesia
Charles University
Thomayer University Hospital
University of Salerno
UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206
Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine
University of Southampton
CIBEROBN
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
University of Malta
National Research Council
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Institut Pasteur de Lille
Eduardo Mondlane University
Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center
Ghent University
Innovating Health International
Sciensano
French Public Health Agency
University of Zagreb
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Sun Yat-sen University
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
University Medicine Greifswald
University Hospital Düsseldorf
Lazarski University
Robert Koch Institute
IRL 3189 ESS
Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna
Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
University of Benin
National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology
The University of the West Indies
Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques
CIBERCV
University of Calabar
University of Stellenbosch
University of Duisburg-Essen
Karadeniz Technical University
Dokuz Eylul University
University of Helsinki
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Monash University
Fasa University of Medical Sciences
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Baqai Medical University
Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte
Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena
Federal University of Alagoas
Wageningen University
Wuqu’ Kawoq
Umeå University
Hospital Universitario Son Espases
Kyoto University
Medical University of Warsaw
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Utrecht University
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
University of Insubria
Mediterranea Cardiocentro
University of Adelaide
Lund University
McGill University
PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
Federal University of Pelotas
University Agostinho Neto
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
International Clinical Research Center
Centro de Estudios en Diabetes A.C
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo
University of Lille
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Jagiellonian University Medical College
University of Southern Denmark
Universidad Icesi
Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy
National University of Singapore
The University of the West Indies
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Africa Health Research Institute
University of Eastern Finland
Capital Medical University
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
Kyushu University
Federal University of Pernambuco
Chronic Diseases Research Center
University of Hong Kong
French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Kingston Health Sciences Centre
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga
University Oran 1
Independent Public Health Specialist
Ministry of Health and Sports
VU University Medical Center
International Agency for Research on Cancer
College of Medicine
The University of Tokyo
Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital
Deakin University
Hokkaido University
Hadassah University Medical Center
Université Catholique de Louvain
Gambia National Nutrition Agency
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
University of Melbourne
Heart Foundation
Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
World Health Organization Country Office
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
University of Opole
University of Crete
Maharajgunj Medical Campus
Aarhus University
University of Toronto
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Research Institute of Child Nutrition
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Hypertension Research Center
Medical University of Innsbruck
VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke
Newcastle University
University College South Denmark
Masaryk University
University of Vienna
Tartu University Clinics
Ministry of Health and Wellness
University of Zurich
University of Groningen
University of Jyväskylä
National Institute of Cardiology
African Population and Health Research Center
Hanoi University of Public Health
University of Limpopo
Stellennbosch University
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Health
Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation
Sahlgrenska Academy
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
University of Public Health
Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio
Tampere University Hospital
Tampere University
University of Douala
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute
National Taiwan University
Uppsala University
Zhengzhou University
Universidad San Martín de Porres
Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
University of Porto
University of Coimbra
Coimbra University Hospital Center
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council
Agricultural University of Athens
Academia VBHC
Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine
Harokopio University
Université Catholique de Bukavu
University of Padua
Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Santa Catarina
Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University
Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud
Brown University
University of Abidjan
Universidade de Lisboa
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Università degli Studi di Firenze
Ain Shams University
Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center
University of Pécs
Mulago Hospital
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health
University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos
University of Zaragoza
Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences
International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
World Health Organization Country Office
Department of Public Health
University of Brescia
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
University de Kinshasa
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
Ulm University
Department of Statistics
Suraj Eye Institute
Ministry of Health
Mahidol University
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
Hanoi Medical University
Xi’an Jiaotong University
Precision Care Clinic Corp
Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network
University of Manchester
University of Abuja College of Health Sciences
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
Japan Wildlife Research Center
Istanbul University
Ministry of Health
University of Madeira
Osteoporosis Research Center
Universidad de Santander
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Academia Sinica
Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas
IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis
Jivandeep Hospital
Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola
Vietnam National Heart Institute
National Hospital of Endocrinology
Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González
University of Sarajevo
Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Public Health Agency of Catalonia
Observatorio de Salud Pública de Santander
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Lausanne University Hospital
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Ministry of Health
University of Turku
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama
Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol
Universiti Putra Malaysia
University of Malaya
University of Valencia
University of Santa Cruz do Sul
CS S. Agustín Ibsalut
Ministerio de Salud
Canarian Health Service
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Ministery of Health and Social Protection
Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia
Sahlgrenska University Hospital
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research
University or Zagreb
National Institute of Health
Wellbeing Services County of South Karelia
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital
Human Sciences Research Council
Academy of Preventive Medicine
Teikyo University
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Public Health Promotion and Development Organization
St Vincent’s Hospital
University of New South Wales
Karolinska Institutet
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Diponegoro University
University of Bari
University of Bordeaux
University of Hohenheim
Bonn University
National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali
Ubon Ratchathani University
National Statistical Office
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Ministry of Health
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
University Medical Center Utrecht
National Research and Innovation Agency
Universidad Miguel Hernandez
Department of Health
LBJ Hospital
Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado
Meharry Medical College
University of Tampere Tays Eye Center
MONICA-FRIULI Study Group
Institute of Tropical Medicine
CIBERESP
Institute for Medical Research
Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital
Xinjiang Medical University
Ministry of Health and Welfare
The Ministry of Health and Wellness
St George’s
Medical University of Vienna
Universitas Indonesia
Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Children’s Hospital of Fudan University
Niigata University
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Peking University
Duke University
West Kazakhstan Medical University
University of Ghana
Imperial College London
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