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31 August 2024Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2024#404Issue 10455851 - 863 pp.
Background: Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods: We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearsons correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings: The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation: BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK).
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Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United States
Emory University, United States
National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Japan
RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ireland
University of New South Wales, Australia
World Health Organization, Switzerland
Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
University of Essex, United Kingdom
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico
Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Ministry of Health, Seychelles
University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
University of Leicester, United Kingdom
ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, India
University of Malaya, Malaysia
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon
Brown University, United States
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
Umeå University, Sweden
University of Ghana, Ghana
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
National Center of Public Health, Kazakhstan
Qatar University, Qatar
Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Tajikistan
Birzeit University, State of Palestine, Palestine
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
RehaKlinika, Poland
Mahidol University, Thailand
Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines
Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran
University of Hargeisa, Somaliland, Somalia
Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Germany
Republican Center for Health Promotion, Kyrgyzstan
The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Jordan
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Oman
King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
The Hashemite University, Jordan
Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Uzbekistan
Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, India
Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Spain
UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206, France
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
University of Thessaly, Greece
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
Health Promotion Research Center, Iran
Yekaterinburg State Medical Academy, Russian Federation
National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia
University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States
University of Bergen, Norway
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan
Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
Oulu University Hospital, Finland
University of Oulu, Finland
Regional Authority of Public Health, Slovakia
Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
University of Porto, Portugal
Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Iran
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
University of Science and Technology, Al-Shaab Street, Inma City, Aden, Aden, Yemen
Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERESP, Spain
University of Rzeszów, Poland
University of Palermo, Italy
Ceara State University, Brazil
University of Miami, United States
University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia
Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala
Universidad del Valle, Colombia
University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Pakistan
Simon Fraser University, Canada
Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil
University of Sydney, Australia
Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
University College Dublin, Ireland
Christian Medical College Vellore, India
University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Romania
Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Austria
Cafam University Foundation, Colombia
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Paraguay
University of Agder, Norway
Sciensano, Belgium
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan
Universidad Científica del Sur, Peru
University of São Paulo, Brazil
B J Medical College, India
Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Cameroon
Ufa Eye Research Institute, Russian Federation
Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal
University of Montenegro, Montenegro
University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
University of Oslo, Norway
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands
University of Turin, Italy
University College London, United Kingdom
Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Universidad de la República, Uruguay
National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Russian Federation
IRCCS Neuromed, Italy
KU Leuven, Belgium
Epidemiology Center of Diabetes, Democratic Republic Congo
Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom
World Health Organization Country Office, Tajikistan
Ghent University, Belgium
Kings College London, United Kingdom
Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
German Cancer Research Center, Germany
University of the Andes, Venezuela
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland
University of Basel, Switzerland
Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal
Ministry of Health, Algeria
University College Copenhagen, Denmark
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Denmark
Munster Technological University, Ireland
Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
Pan American Health Organization, United States
Ministry of Health, Tonga
Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Turkey
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Ministry of Public Health, Paraguay
National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
Canopo Study Center - Salerno, Italy
Karolinska Instituet, Sweden
Santiago de Compostela University, Spain
CIBERESP, Spain
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Italy
Sanpasitthiprasong Regional Hospital, Thailand
India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
LBJ Hospital, American Samoa
Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
Xiangtan University, China
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Bulgaria
VU University Medical Center, Netherlands
Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
RIPAS Hospital, Brunei Darussalam
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
Medical University of Silesia, Poland
Charles University, Czech Republic
Thomayer University Hospital, Czech Republic
University of Salerno, Italy
University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi
CIBEROBN, Spain
National Institute of Public Health, Romania
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
University of Malta, Malta
National Research Council, Italy
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
Aarhus University, Denmark
Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Innovating Health International, Haiti
University of Southampton, United Kingdom
The National Public Health Agency, France
Consejería de Salud del Gobierno de La Rioja, Spain
University of Zagreb, Croatia
Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran
Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Peru
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy
Sun Yat-sen University, China
Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
IRL 3189 ESS, France
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Italy
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
Semey Medical University, Kazakhstan
Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
University of Benin, Nigeria
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia
Institut Hospital del Mar dInvestigacions Mèdiques, Spain
CIBERCV, Spain
University of Calabar, Nigeria
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
University of Helsinki, Finland
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Monash University, Australia
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Baqai Medical University, Pakistan
Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain
The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
Hospital Don BenitoVillanueva de la Serena, Spain
University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Ministry of Health, Argentina
Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
Institute of Mother and Child, Poland
Hospital Infantil Sabará, Brazil
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, North Macedonia
Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Spain
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine
Kyoto University, Japan
Calafat Municipal Hospital, Romania
Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Consejería de Sanidad del Gobierno de Cantabria, Spain
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Wuqu Kawoq, Guatemala
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Utrecht University, Netherlands
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
Harvard Medical School, United States
Giuseppe DegennaroLUM University, Italy
University of Insubria, Italy
Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Italy
Lund University, Sweden
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Central University of Kerala, India
University of Catania, Italy
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France
Paris Cité University, France
Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain
Gasol Foundation, Spain
University of Lleida, Spain
PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Poland
University Agostinho Neto, Angola
Kansas State University, United States
University of Adelaide, Australia
University of Zaragoza, Spain
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
International Clinical Research Center, Czech Republic
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
University of Lille, France
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic
Childrens Memorial Health Institute, Poland
International Life Science Institute, Argentina
French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, France
Universidad Icesi, Colombia
State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, India
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Capacity Development Network in Nutrition in Central and Eastern Europe, Serbia
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
National University of Singapore, Singapore
The George Institute for Global Health, Australia
Danish Cancer Institute, Denmark
The University of the West Indies, Barbados
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Africa Health Research Institute, South Africa
BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, Bangladesh
University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Capital Medical University, China
Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Zahedan University Of Medical Sciences, Iran
International Hellenic University, Greece
Kyushu University, Japan
University College Dublin, Denmark
Joep Lange Institute, Netherlands
Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Portugal
National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Chronic Diseases Research Center, Iran
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia
University Oran 1, Algeria
Independent Public Health Specialist, Myanmar
Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
Santé publique France, France
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Italy
University of Nigeria, Nigeria
The University of Tokyo, Japan
Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
Deakin University, Australia
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Hokkaido University, Japan
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
University of Auckland, New Zealand
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
Slovenian Heart Foundation, Slovenia
University of Melbourne, Australia
Sports University of Tirana, Albania
University of Graz, Austria
Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Dominican Republic
University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Switzerland
World Health Organization Country Office, India
Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
University of Opole, Poland
Gulu University, Uganda
University of Crete, Greece
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Georgia
Ministry of Health, Slovakia
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, India
Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece
Harokopio University, Greece
Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Nepal
University of Bouaké, Cote dIvoire
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, United States
University of Toronto, Canada
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Hypertension Research Center, Iran
Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Austria
Yonsei University College of Medicine, South Korea
University College South Denmark, Denmark
Thaksin University, Thailand
Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Ulm University Hospital, Germany
University of Vienna, Austria
Tartu University Clinics, Estonia
National Institute of Public Health, Cote dIvoire
Hildburghausen District Department of State Public Health Service, Germany
Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Argentina
Ministry of Health and Wellness, Mauritius
University Hospital Ulm, Germany
University of Zurich, Switzerland
Croatian Institute of Public Health, Croatia
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala
North-West University, South Africa
University of Physical Education, Poland
University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Institute of Public Health, Montenegro
Institute of Endocrinology, Czech Republic
National Institute of Cardiology, Poland
African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya
Hanoi University of Public Health, Viet Nam
University of Limpopo, South Africa
Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
Ministry of Health, Guyana
Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Finland
Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran
University of Public Health, Myanmar
Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Italy
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru
Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam
Tampere University Hospital, Finland
University of Douala, Cameroon
National Institute for Health Development, Estonia
National University Health System, Singapore
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Uppsala University, Sweden
Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, China
Zhengzhou University, China
Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Spain
Sports Medical Center of Minho, Portugal
Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador
Universidad San Martín de Porres, Peru
Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain
Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
Ilembula Lutheran Hospital, Tanzania
University of Kinshasa Hospital, Democratic Republic Congo
University of Coimbra, Portugal
UMR 7268 ADES, France
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United States
Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Italy
Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
Academia VBHC, Brazil
Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation
University of Otago, New Zealand
University of Padua, Italy
University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
Clinical County Emergency Hospital Craiova, Romania
Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece
Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Italy
Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Brazil
Université Catholique de Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul, Brazil
George Institute for Global Health, India
Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama
Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Robert Koch Institute, Germany
University of Abidjan, Cote dIvoire
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Federation
Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Iran
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran
University Medical School of Pécs, Hungary
Mulago Hospital, Uganda
Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health, Panama
Seoul National University, South Korea
University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cuba
La Trobe University, Australia
Sabzevar University Of Medical Sciences, Iran
International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
Ain Shams University, Egypt
World Health Organization Country Office, Malawi
Department of Public Health, Myanmar
Albanian Sport Science Association, Albania
Queen Mary University, United Kingdom
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
University de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Department of Statistics, Malaysia
Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
Ministry of Health, Samoa
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Viet Nam
National Hospital of Endocrinology, Viet Nam
Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam
Xian Jiaotong University, China
Precision Care Clinic Corp, United States
Heartfile, Pakistan
University of South Australia, Australia
Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Tachikawa General Hospital, Japan
University of Abuja College of Health Sciences, Nigeria
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, South Korea
Japan Wildlife Research Center, Japan
Gadarif University, Sudan
Istanbul University, Turkey
Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam
Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
University of Madeira, Portugal
University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Osteoporosis Research Center, Iran
Universidad de Santander, Colombia
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
University of WisconsinMadison, United States
Academia Sinica, Taiwan
University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
Catholic University of Daegu, South Korea
Jivandeep Hospital, India
Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Angola
Griffith University, Australia
National Dental Care Centre Singapore, Singapore
Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam
Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González, Dominican Republic
Université de Limoges, France
Tampere University, Finland
Observatorio de Salud Pública de Santander, Colombia
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Universidade Pedagógica, Mozambique
Childrens Hospital of Fudan University, China
Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Latvia
Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Portugal
Ministry of Health, Viet Nam
Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
University of Turku, Finland
World Health Organization Country Office, South Sudan
Institut Universitari dInvestigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, Spain
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Sotiria Hospital, Greece
University of Valencia, Spain
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
University of Pécs, Hungary
CS S. Agustín Ibsalut, Spain
Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Netherlands
Universidade Nove de Julho, Brazil
Ministerio de Salud, Panama
Canarian Health Service, Spain
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
Ministery of Health and Social Protection, Colombia
Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy
University of Minho, Portugal
Fiji National University, Fiji
National Center of Epidemiology, ISCII, CIBERESP, Spain
Rehamed-Center, Poland
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Germany
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, China
Academy of Preventive Medicine, Kazakhstan
Kindergarten of Avlonari, Greece
National Institute of Health, Peru
Wellbeing Services County of South Karelia, Finland
University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil
Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
CIBERESP, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute, Spain
University Ramon Llull, Spain
Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway, Norway
Comenius University, Slovakia
Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa
Teikyo University, Japan
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Nepal
Rutgers University, United States
West Kazakhstan Medical University, Kazakhstan
Przedszkole No. 81, Poland
Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom
Diponegoro University, Indonesia
University of Bordeaux, France
University of Hohenheim, Germany
Institute of Public Health, North Macedonia
Niigata University, Japan
Bonn University, Germany
National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Poland
Kalina Malina Kindergarten, Bulgaria
Swansea University, United Kingdom
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Colombia
Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand
National Statistical Office, Cape Verde
South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Kazakhstan
Scientific Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Turkmenistan
Ministry of Health, Jordan
Jagiellonian University, Poland
University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Netherlands
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain
Government Medical College, India
Tafuna Family Health Center, American Samoa
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Ministry of Health, New Zealand
Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela
Meharry Medical College, United States
University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Finland
Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu, Turkey
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
George Washington University, United States
MONICA-FRIULI Study Group, Italy
Universidad CEU San Pablo, Spain
Centro de Estudios Sobre Nutrición Infantil, Argentina
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
Unisanté, Switzerland
Sunflower Nursery School, Romania
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital, China
Xinjiang Medical University, China
Shanghai Educational Development Co. Ltd, China
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, China
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica
St Georges University of London, United Kingdom
Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Poland
Imperial College London
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Emory University
National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation
RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of New South Wales
World Health Organization
Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health
University of Essex
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Health
University of Oxford
Eduardo Mondlane University
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
South African Medical Research Council
Seoul National University
University of Leicester
ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition
University of Malaya
University of Gothenburg
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
University of Yaoundé 1
Brown University
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
Umeå University
University of Ghana
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center
National Center of Public Health
Qatar University
Ministry of Health and Social Protection
Birzeit University
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
Qassim University
RehaKlinika
Mahidol University
Food and Nutrition Research Institute
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
University of Amsterdam
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences
University of Hargeisa
Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology
Republican Center for Health Promotion
The National Center for Diabetes
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University
Ministry of Health
King Abdulaziz University
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
The Hashemite University
Dasman Diabetes Institute
Aldara Hospital and Medical Center
King Abdullah International Medical Research Center
Ministry of Health
Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre
Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco
UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
University of Thessaly
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
Health Promotion Research Center
Yekaterinburg State Medical Academy
National Institute of Public Health
University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Bergen
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
Federal University of Pelotas
Oulu University Hospital
University of Oulu
Regional Authority of Public Health
Diabetic Association of Bangladesh
University of Porto
Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
University of Sarajevo
University of Science and Technology
Medical University of Lodz
Medical University of Gdansk
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
University of Rzeszów
University of Palermo
Ceara State University
University of Miami
University Hospital Centre Zagreb
Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular
Universidad del Valle
University of Pernambuco
Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology
Simon Fraser University
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Federal University of Ouro Preto
Federal University of Maranhão
University of Sydney
Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa
University College Dublin
Christian Medical College Vellore
University Tunis El Manar
University of Medicine
Federal Ministry of Social Affairs
Cafam University Foundation
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social
University of Agder
Sciensano
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Kazakh National Medical University
Universidad Científica del Sur
University of São Paulo
B J Medical College
Sunder Lal Jain Hospital
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies
Ufa Eye Research Institute
Nepal Health Research Council
University of Montenegro
University of Southern Denmark
University of Oslo
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment
University of Turin
University College London
Liverpool John Moores University
Nanyang Technological University
Universidad de la República
National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology
IRCCS Neuromed
KU Leuven
Epidemiology Center of Diabetes
Cambridge University Hospitals
World Health Organization Country Office
Ghent University
Kings College London
Universidad Central de Venezuela
German Cancer Research Center
University of the Andes
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
University of Basel
Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa
Ministry of Health
University College Copenhagen
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
Munster Technological University
Universidad de La Laguna
Pan American Health Organization
Ministry of Health
Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa
Federal University of Juiz de Fora
Ministry of Public Health
National Institute of Public Health
Canopo Study Center - Salerno
Karolinska Instituet
Santiago de Compostela University
CIBERESP
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics
Sanpasitthiprasong Regional Hospital
India Diabetes Research Foundation
LBJ Hospital
Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Xiangtan University
Ministry of Health and Welfare
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research
National Center of Public Health and Analyses
VU University Medical Center
Universidad de Costa Rica
University of Fribourg
Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara
RIPAS Hospital
Universidade Estadual Paulista
Medical University of Silesia
Charles University
Thomayer University Hospital
University of Salerno
University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit
CIBEROBN
National Institute of Public Health
University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte
University of Malta
National Research Council
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Federal University of Alagoas
Aarhus University
Institut Pasteur de Lille
Karolinska Institutet
Innovating Health International
University of Southampton
The National Public Health Agency
Consejería de Salud del Gobierno de La Rioja
University of Zagreb
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Instituto de Investigación Nutricional
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Sun Yat-sen University
Universidad de Cuenca
University Medicine Greifswald
University Hospital Düsseldorf
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
IRL 3189 ESS
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Scuola Superiore SantAnna
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Semey Medical University
Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
University of Benin
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology
Institut Hospital del Mar dInvestigacions Mèdiques
CIBERCV
University of Calabar
Stellenbosch University
Karadeniz Technical University
Dokuz Eylul University
University of Helsinki
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Monash University
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Fasa University of Medical Sciences
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Baqai Medical University
Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte
The University of the West Indies
Hospital Don BenitoVillanueva de la Serena
University of Colombo
Ministry of Health
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Institute of Mother and Child
Hospital Infantil Sabará
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
Hospital Universitario Son Espases
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Ternopil National Medical University
Kyoto University
Calafat Municipal Hospital
Medical University of Warsaw
Consejería de Sanidad del Gobierno de Cantabria
Jagiellonian University Medical College
Medical University of Varna
University of Ljubljana
Wuqu Kawoq
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Utrecht University
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Institute of Food and Nutrition Development
B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Harvard Medical School
Giuseppe DegennaroLUM University
University of Insubria
Mediterranea Cardiocentro
Lund University
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Central University of Kerala
University of Catania
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
Paris Cité University
Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca
Gasol Foundation
University of Lleida
PASs Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
University Agostinho Neto
Kansas State University
University of Adelaide
University of Zaragoza
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
International Clinical Research Center
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo
University of Lille
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Childrens Memorial Health Institute
International Life Science Institute
French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development
Universidad Icesi
State University of Montes Claros
Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
University of Ibadan
Capacity Development Network in Nutrition in Central and Eastern Europe
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy
National University of Singapore
The George Institute for Global Health
Danish Cancer Institute
The University of the West Indies
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Africa Health Research Institute
BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health
University of Eastern Finland
Capital Medical University
Federal University of Pernambuco
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
Zahedan University Of Medical Sciences
International Hellenic University
Kyushu University
University College Dublin
Joep Lange Institute
Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto
National Institute of Public Health
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga
ETH Zurich
Chronic Diseases Research Center
University of Hong Kong
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander
University Oran 1
Independent Public Health Specialist
Ministry of Health and Sports
Santé publique France
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
International Agency for Research on Cancer
American University of Beirut
Gaetano Fucito Hospital
University of Nigeria
The University of Tokyo
Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital
The Hospital for Sick Children
Deakin University
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Hokkaido University
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
University of Auckland
Université Catholique de Louvain
Duke-NUS Medical School
Slovenian Heart Foundation
University of Melbourne
Sports University of Tirana
University of Graz
Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos
University of Duisburg-Essen
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
World Health Organization Country Office
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
University of Opole
Gulu University
University of Crete
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Ministry of Health
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity
Harokopio University
Maharajgunj Medical Campus
University of Bouaké
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
University of Toronto
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Research Institute of Child Nutrition
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Hypertension Research Center
Medical University of Innsbruck
VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke
Yonsei University College of Medicine
University College South Denmark
Thaksin University
Masaryk University
Ulm University Hospital
University of Vienna
Tartu University Clinics
National Institute of Public Health
Hildburghausen District Department of State Public Health Service
Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina
Ministry of Health and Wellness
University Hospital Ulm
University of Zurich
Croatian Institute of Public Health
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama
North-West University
University of Physical Education
University of Jyväskylä
Institute of Public Health
Institute of Endocrinology
National Institute of Cardiology
African Population and Health Research Center
Hanoi University of Public Health
University of Limpopo
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Ministry of Health
Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation
Sahlgrenska Academy
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
University of Public Health
Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Luxembourg Institute of Health
National Institute of Nutrition
Tampere University Hospital
University of Douala
National Institute for Health Development
National University Health System
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
National Taiwan University
Uppsala University
Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control
Zhengzhou University
Servicio Andaluz de Salud
Sports Medical Center of Minho
Universidad de Las Américas
Universidad San Martín de Porres
Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León
Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
Ilembula Lutheran Hospital
University of Kinshasa Hospital
University of Coimbra
UMR 7268 ADES
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council
Agricultural University of Athens
Academia VBHC
Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine
University of Otago
University of Padua
University of Kinshasa
Clinical County Emergency Hospital Craiova
Hellenic Mediterranean University
Paracelsus Medical University
Institute for Cancer Research
Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste
Université Catholique de Bukavu
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University
Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul
George Institute for Global Health
Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud
Universidad de los Andes
Robert Koch Institute
University of Abidjan
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
Universidade de Lisboa
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Università degli Studi di Firenze
Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center
University Medical School of Pécs
Mulago Hospital
Universidad de San Carlos
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health
Seoul National University
University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos
La Trobe University
Sabzevar University Of Medical Sciences
International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
Ain Shams University
World Health Organization Country Office
Department of Public Health
Albanian Sport Science Association
Queen Mary University
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Makerere University School of Public Health
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
University de Kinshasa
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
Department of Statistics
Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw
Ministry of Health
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
National Hospital of Endocrinology
Hanoi Medical University
Xian Jiaotong University
Precision Care Clinic Corp
Heartfile
University of South Australia
Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
University of Manchester
Tachikawa General Hospital
University of Abuja College of Health Sciences
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
Japan Wildlife Research Center
Gadarif University
Istanbul University
Ministry of Health
Federal University of Paraná
University of Madeira
University of Puerto Rico
University of Novi Sad
Osteoporosis Research Center
Universidad de Santander
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
University of WisconsinMadison
Academia Sinica
University of Bari Aldo Moro
Catholic University of Daegu
Jivandeep Hospital
Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola
Griffith University
National Dental Care Centre Singapore
Vietnam National Heart Institute
Clínica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel González
Université de Limoges
Tampere University
Observatorio de Salud Pública de Santander
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Universidade Pedagógica
Childrens Hospital of Fudan University
Lausanne University Hospital
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário
Ministry of Health
Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research
University of Turku
World Health Organization Country Office
Institut Universitari dInvestigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Newcastle University
Sotiria Hospital
University of Valencia
Slovak Academy of Sciences
University of Santa Cruz do Sul
University of Pécs
CS S. Agustín Ibsalut
Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development
Universidade Nove de Julho
Ministerio de Salud
Canarian Health Service
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Ministery of Health and Social Protection
Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia
University of Minho
Fiji National University
National Center of Epidemiology
Rehamed-Center
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Academy of Preventive Medicine
Kindergarten of Avlonari
National Institute of Health
Wellbeing Services County of South Karelia
University of São Paulo Clinics Hospital
Medical University of Vienna
Sahlgrenska University Hospital
CIBERESP
University Ramon Llull
Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway
Comenius University
Human Sciences Research Council
Teikyo University
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Public Health Promotion and Development Organization
Rutgers University
West Kazakhstan Medical University
Przedszkole No. 81
Anglia Ruskin University
Diponegoro University
University of Bordeaux
University of Hohenheim
Institute of Public Health
Niigata University
Bonn University
National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene
Kalina Malina Kindergarten
Swansea University
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali
Ubon Ratchathani University
National Statistical Office
South Kazakhstan Medical Academy
Scientific Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health
Ministry of Health
Jagiellonian University
University of Applied Sciences Utrecht
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
University Medical Center Utrecht
National Research and Innovation Agency
Universidad Miguel Hernandez
Government Medical College
Tafuna Family Health Center
Addis Ababa University
Ministry of Health
Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado
Meharry Medical College
University of Tampere Tays Eye Center
Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
George Washington University
MONICA-FRIULI Study Group
Universidad CEU San Pablo
Centro de Estudios Sobre Nutrición Infantil
Institute of Tropical Medicine
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Universidad San Francisco de Quito
Unisanté
Sunflower Nursery School
University of the Witwatersrand
Institute for Medical Research
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital
Xinjiang Medical University
Shanghai Educational Development Co. Ltd
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences
University of Cambridge
The Ministry of Health and Wellness
St Georges University of London
Universitas Indonesia
National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute
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