Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Zhou X.-D. Chen Q.-F. Yang W. Zuluaga M. Targher G. Byrne C.D. Valenti L. Luo F. Katsouras C.S. Thaher O. Misra A. Ataya K. Oviedo R.J. Pik-Shan Kong A. Alswat K. Lonardo A. Wong Y.J. Abu-Abeid A. Al Momani H. Ali A. Molina G.A. Szepietowski O. Jumaev N.A. Kızılkaya M.C. Viveiros O. Toro-Huamanchumo C.J. Yen Kok K.Y. Ospanov O. Abbas S.I. Robertson A.G. Fouad Y. Mantzoros C.S. Zhang H. Méndez-Sánchez N. Sookoian S. Chan W.-K. Treeprasertsuk S. Adams L. Ocama P. Ryan J.D. Perera N. Sharara A.I. Al-Busafi S.A. Opio C.K. Garcia M. Lim-Loo M.C. Ruiz-Úcar E. Prasad A. Casajoana A. Abdelbaki T.N. Zheng M.-H.
October 2024Elsevier Ltd
eClinicalMedicine
2024#76
Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: We systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.
Body mass index , Global Burden of Disease Study , Metabolic risk , Obesity
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Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
Medical Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Departament of Surgery, Universidad del Valle, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, Cali, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
Southampton National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Precision Medicine, Biological Resource Center Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
Department of Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr University of Bochum, NRW, Herne, Germany
Fortis-CDOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation and Diabetes Foundation, New Delhi, India
Department of Bariatric Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Nacogdoches Center for Metabolic & Weight Loss Surgery, Nacogdoches Medical Center, Nacogdoches, TX, United States
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong kong SAR, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong kong SAR, Hong Kong
Liver Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara (-2023), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Division of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center affiliated to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Weight Management Unit, Royal NMC Hospital, Abu Dhabi, Khalifa City, United Arab Emirates
Metabolic and Bariatric, Fatima8h hospital, Tehran, Iran
Department of Surgery, USFQ (Universidad San Francisco), Pichincha, Quito, Ecuador
Department of Surgery, Ashford and St Peters Hospital, Chertsey, Surrey, United Kingdom
Department Surgical Diseases, Tashkent Medical Academy, Almazar, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Acibadem Atakent University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hospital Lusiadas Amadora, Lisbon, Amadora, Portugal
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
OBEMET Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, Lima, Peru
Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Saadatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei-Muara, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
Surgical Disease and Bariatric Surgery, Astana Medical University, Aqmola, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Iranian Hospital Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Faculty of Health Science, Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Translational Health Research Center (CENITRES), Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Department of Medicine, Makerere University of College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
Department of Hepatology, RCSI School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin/Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Department of Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
Departament of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Tu Opcion Bariatrica/Swiss Hospital, Monterrey, Mexico
Department of Surgery, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
Department of Metabolic, Bariatric and Endocrine Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Surgical Gastroenterology, Bariatric and Robotic Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
Departament of Esophagogastric and Bariatric Surgery, Hospital del Mar de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Department of General Surgery, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Medical Care Center
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Departament of Surgery
Department of Medicine
Metabolic Diseases Research Unit
Southampton National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation
Precision Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
First Department of Cardiology
Department of Surgery
Fortis-CDOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes
Department of Bariatric Surgery
Nacogdoches Center for Metabolic & Weight Loss Surgery
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity
Liver Disease Research Center
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Liver Unit
Division of Surgery
Weight Management Unit
Metabolic and Bariatric
Department of Surgery
Department of Surgery
Department Surgical Diseases
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
OBEMET Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health
Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute
Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Saadatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences
Surgical Disease and Bariatric Surgery
Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery
Department of Gastroenterology
Department of Medicine
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Liver Research Unit
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
Faculty of Health Science
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Hepatology
Medical School
Department of Medicine
Department of Hepatology
Department of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Departament of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Department of Surgery
Department of Metabolic
Surgical Gastroenterology
Departament of Esophagogastric and Bariatric Surgery
Department of General Surgery
MAFLD Research Center
Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province
Section of Endocrinology
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