Community estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023

Zheng W. Zekollari H. Wouters B. Velicogna I. Treichler D. Sutterley T. Sommer C. Shen X. Seehaus T. Schuster L. Sasgen I. Richter A. Plummer S. Piermattei L. Pfeffer J. Pálsson F. Nilsson J. Moholdt G. Miles E. Menounos B. McNabb R. Mattea E. Maussion F. Krieger L. Kneib M. King O. Khan S.A. Ke C.-Q. Liang C.-C.A. Jóhannesson T. Huss M. Hugonnet R. Hassan J. Harig C. Gardner A. Floricioiu D. Florentine C. Farinotti D. Eckert N. Colgan W. Cicero E. Brun F. Braun M.H. Box J. Bolch T. Boehm Vock L.F. Blazquez A. Bhattacharya A. Berthier E. Andreassen L.M. Abdullahi S. Geruo A. Dubber S. Gourmelen N. Nussbaumer S.U. Dussaillant I. Jakob L. Zemp M.
13 March 2025 Nature Research

Nature
2025 #639 Issue 8054 382 - 388 pp.

Glaciers are indicators of ongoing anthropogenic climate change¹. Their melting leads to increased local geohazards², and impacts marine³ and terrestrial^4,5 ecosystems, regional freshwater resources⁶, and both global water and energy cycles^7,8. Together with the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, glaciers are essential drivers of present^9,10 and future^{11, 12–13} sea-level rise. Previous assessments of global glacier mass changes have been hampered by spatial and temporal limitations and the heterogeneity of existing data series^{14, 15–16}. Here we show in an intercomparison exercise that glaciers worldwide lost 273 ± 16 gigatonnes in mass annually from 2000 to 2023, with an increase of 36 ± 10% from the first (2000–2011) to the second (2012–2023) half of the period. Since 2000, glaciers have lost between 2% and 39% of their ice regionally and about 5% globally. Glacier mass loss is about 18% larger than the loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet and more than twice that from the Antarctic Ice Sheet¹⁷. Our results arise from a scientific community effort to collect, homogenize, combine and analyse glacier mass changes from in situ and remote-sensing observations. Although our estimates are in agreement with findings from previous assessments^{14, 15–16} at a global scale, we found some large regional deviations owing to systematic differences among observation methods. Our results provide a refined baseline for better understanding observational differences and for calibrating model ensembles^12,16,18, which will help to narrow projection uncertainty for the twenty-first century^11,12,18.

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Earthwave Ltd, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Earth Observation Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), Oslo, Norway
Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3), Toulouse, France
Department of Earth Sciences and Remote Sensing, JIS University, Kolkata, India
Centre for Data Science, JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research, Kolkata, India
Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, United States
Institute of Geodesy, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Central-Asian Regional Glaciological Centre of Category 2 Under the Auspices of UNESCO, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble, France
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
INRAE, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
Grenoble Risk Institute, Grenoble, France
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT, United States
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
University of Washington, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavik, Iceland
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Department of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
Geological Survey of Canada Pacific, Natural Resources Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
Hakai Institute, Campbell River, BC, Canada
Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Magellium, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
European Space Agency, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy
Laboratorio MAGGIA, Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
Department of Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Earthwave Ltd
University of Edinburgh
Department of Earth System Science
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)
Université de Toulouse
Department of Earth Sciences and Remote Sensing
Centre for Data Science
Department of Mathematics
Institute of Geodesy
Central-Asian Regional Glaciological Centre of Category 2 Under the Auspices of UNESCO
Department of Glaciology and Climate
Institute of Geography
Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
Department of Geosciences
Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering
INRAE
Grenoble Risk Institute
Laboratory of Hydraulics
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest
Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
DTU Space
University of Washington
Department of Geosciences
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology
Department of Geography
Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences
School of Geographical Sciences
School of Geography and Environmental Sciences
Geological Survey of Canada Pacific
Hakai Institute
Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences
Norwegian Polar Institute
Institute of Earth Sciences
Magellium
Department of Geosciences
European Space Agency
Laboratorio MAGGIA
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
Alfred Wegener Institute
Institute of Geography
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering
Polar Science Center
Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Department of Water and Climate
Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research
Department of Geography

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