Spectral analysis and its applications for a class of scale-free network based on the weighted m-clique annex operation

Zhang Z. Wu B. Cao J. Kashkynbayev A.
15 May 2025 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences
2025 #48 Issue 7 7293 - 7315 pp.

The spectrum of network is an important tool to study the function and dynamic properties of network, and graph operation and product are an effective mechanism to construct a specific local and global topological structure. In this study, a class of weighted (Formula presented.) -clique annex operation (Formula presented.) controlled by scale factor (Formula presented.) and weight factor (Formula presented.) is defined, through which an iterative weighted network model (Formula presented.) with small-world and scale-free properties is constructed. In particular, when the number of iterations (Formula presented.) tends to infinity, the network has transfinite fractal property. Then, through the iterative features of the network structure, the iterative relationship of the eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian matrix corresponding to the network is studied. Accordingly, some applications of the spectrum of the network, including the Kenemy constant (Formula presented.), Multiplicative Degree-Kirchhoff index (Formula presented.), and the number of weighted spanning trees (Formula presented.), are further given. In addition, we also study the effect of the two factors controlling network operation on the structure and function of the iterative weighted network (Formula presented.), so that the network operation can better simulate the real network and have more application potential in the field of artificial network.

scale free , self-similarity , small word , spectrum , transfinite fractal

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School of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
School of Applied Mathematics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
Department of Mathematics, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

School of Mathematics
School of Applied Mathematics
Yonsei Frontier Lab
Department of Mathematics

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