Reducing Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Water Using Phytoremediation
Zhakypbek Y. Kossalbayev B.D. Belkozhayev A.M. Murat T. Tursbekov S. Abdalimov E. Pashkovskiy P. Kreslavski V. Kuznetsov V. Allakhverdiev S.I.
June 2024Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Plants
2024#13Issue 11
The increase in industrialization has led to an exponential increase in heavy metal (HM) soil contamination, which poses a serious threat to public health and ecosystem stability. This review emphasizes the urgent need to develop innovative technologies for the environmental remediation of intensive anthropogenic pollution. Phytoremediation is a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the detoxification of contaminated soils using various plant species. This review discusses in detail the basic principles of phytoremediation and emphasizes its ecological advantages over other methods for cleaning contaminated areas and its technical viability. Much attention has been given to the selection of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation that can grow on heavy metal-contaminated soils, and the biochemical mechanisms that allow these plants to isolate, detoxify, and accumulate heavy metals are discussed in detail. The novelty of our study lies in reviewing the mechanisms of plant–microorganism interactions that greatly enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation as well as in discussing genetic modifications that could revolutionize the cleanup of contaminated soils. Moreover, this manuscript discusses potential applications of phytoremediation beyond soil detoxification, including its role in bioenergy production and biodiversity restoration in degraded habitats. This review concludes by listing the serious problems that result from anthropogenic environmental pollution that future generations still need to overcome and suggests promising research directions in which the integration of nano- and biotechnology will play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of phytoremediation. These contributions are critical for environmental scientists, policy makers, and practitioners seeking to utilize phytoremediation to maintain the ecological stability of the environment and its restoration.
contaminant detoxification , heavy metals , hyperaccumulators , phytoremediation , rhizosphere , transporters
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Department of Mine Surveying and Geodesy, Institute Mining and Metallurgical Institute named after O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty, 050043, Kazakhstan
Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, 161200, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan
M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Department of Agronomy and Forestry, Faculty of Agrotechnology, Kozybayev University, Petropavlovsk, 150000, Kazakhstan
Department of Soil Ecology, Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry named after U.U. Uspanov, Al-Farabi Ave. 75, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russian Federation
Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russian Federation
Department of Mine Surveying and Geodesy
Ecology Research Institute
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
Department of Agronomy and Forestry
Department of Soil Ecology
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology
Institute of Basic Biological Problems
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