Association of Hemostasis and Folate Cycle Gene Polymorphisms with Central and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions: A Case-Control Study

Yersariyeva Z. Suleyeva B. Turdaliyeva B. Kainazarova K. Balmukhanova A. Toxanbayeva G. Balmukhanova A.
February 2026 Walailak University

Trends in Sciences
2026 #23 Issue 2

Retinal vein occlusions, including CRVO and BRVO, are significant causes of visual impairment, with various systemic and genetic factors influencing their development. This study investigates the hemodynamic parameters and genetic polymorphisms of genes of hemostasis and the folate cycle in patients with RVO.A case-control study involved 51 retinal vein occlusion patients and 57 controls. Clinical evaluation was performed through optical coherence tomography and color duplex mapping. Genetic analysis was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to detect polymorphisms in PAI1, ITGA2, F7, F13, MTRR, and MTHFR genes. Visual acuity was significantly reduced in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO: 0.4 [0.0-0.9], 0.50.4) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO: 0.45 [0.0-1.0], 0.50.2) compared to controls (0.9 [0.7-1.0], 0.10.6). Optical coherence tomography showed increased retinal thickness in BRVO (p < 0.0001). Hemodynamic analysis revealed reduced ocular blood flow velocities (BRVO: −59.0%, 95% CI: 50.0-68.0; CRVO: −53.6%, 95% CI: 44.2-63.0; p < 0.0001). Genetic testing identified strong associations between RVO and PAI1 (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.34-3.12), ITGA2 (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.27-2.89), F7 (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.21-2.71), F13 (OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.28-3.02), MTRR (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.13-2.59), and MTHFR (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.48-3.42). Logistic regression, adjusted for hypertension and diabetes, confirmed these genetic variants as independent RVO risk factors. These findings suggest that genetic testing with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) can help detect these polymorphisms early. This may support timely diagnosis and management of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), leading to more personalized care and better outcomes..

BRVO , CRVO , Folate cycle genes , Hemostasis genes , PCR-RFLP

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Graduate School of Public Health, Kazakhstan’s Medical University, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
LLP, Regional Diagnostic Center, Ophthalmological Cente, Almaty, 050008, Kazakhstan
Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050002, Kazakhstan
LLP, International Eye Protection Center, Almaty, 050009, Kazakhstan
Department of Surgical Disciplines, International Medical School, Caspian University, Almaty, A05A6K5, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan

Graduate School of Public Health
LLP
Kazakh Scientific Center of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases
LLP
Department of Surgical Disciplines
Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare

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