Structural and Hormonal Changes in Reproductive-Age Women Post-COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Ultrasound and Biochemical Study
Yerkenova S. Lokshin V. Kurmanova A. Moiynbayeva S. Alikeyeva G. Kalibekova G. Abdirova T. Zhantenova Z. Shaikova K. Mireeva A. Turgumbayeva A.
June 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Diagnostics
2025#15Issue 12
Background/Objectives: The long-term impact of COVID-19 on female reproductive health remains poorly understood. This study aimed to assess structural and endocrine alterations in women of reproductive age who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to uninfected controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 women aged 18–45 years were enrolled in a comparative study: 75 with a confirmed history of COVID-19 and 75 without one. All participants underwent ultrasound examinations of their pelvic organs and mammary glands, along with laboratory assessment of reproductive hormones and inflammatory markers. Results: Structural abnormalities in the pelvic organs were observed in 53.5% of the post-COVID-19 group versus 12.0% of the control group (p < 0.001), with oophoritis showing a statistically significant association (OR = 11.38; 95% CI: 1.42–91.36; p = 0.009). Non-significant but elevated frequencies were also found for uterine fibroids and breast cysts. Biochemically, post-COVID-19 participants demonstrated higher serum ferritin, estradiol, and fibrinogen levels, along with lower TSH and AMH levels, suggesting potential endocrine disruption and persistent inflammation. Conclusions: Women with a history of COVID-19 may be at increased risk of developing structural and hormonal abnormalities, highlighting the importance of post-infection gynecological and endocrine monitoring. Further longitudinal studies are required to elucidate the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms of these alterations.
AMH , COVID-19 , endocrine disruption , estradiol , ovarian function , pelvic ultrasound , post-COVID-19 , reproductive health , women’s health
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Department of Science and Consulting, Kazakhstan Medical University “Higher School of Public Health, Almaty, 050044, Kazakhstan
International Clinical Center of Reproductology “PERSONA”, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Department of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Department of Science and Consulting
International Clinical Center of Reproductology “PERSONA”
Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare
Department of Public Health
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