Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Vaithinathan A.G. Valizadeh R. Varthya S.B. Vos T. Waheed Y. Walde M.T. Wang C. Weerakoon K.G. Wickramasinghe N.D. Winkler A.S. Woldemariam M. Worku N.A. Wright C. Yada D.Y. Yaghoubi S. Yahya G.A.T.Y. Yenew C.Y.Y. Yesiltepe M. Yi S. Yiǧit V. You Y. Yusuf H. Zakham F. Zaman M. Bin Zaman S. Zare I. Zareshahrabadi Z. Zarrintan A. Zastrozhin M.S. Zhang H. Zhang J. Zhang Z.-J. Zheng P. Zoladl M. Zumla A. Hay S.I. Murray C.J.L. Naghavi M. Kyu H.H.
August 2023 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Neurology
2023 #22 Issue 8 685 - 711 pp.

Background: Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we aimed to assess incident cases and deaths due to acute infectious meningitis by aetiology and age from 1990 to 2019, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: We modelled meningitis mortality using vital registration, verbal autopsy, sample-based vital registration, and mortality surveillance data. Meningitis morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian compartmental model, using data from the published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as surveillance data, inpatient hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and cause-specific meningitis mortality estimates. For aetiology estimation, data from multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature studies were analysed by use of a network analysis model to estimate the proportion of meningitis deaths and cases attributable to the following aetiologies: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and a residual other pathogen category. Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 236 000 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 204 000–277 000) and 2·51 million (2·11–2·99) incident cases due to meningitis globally. The burden was greatest in children younger than 5 years, with 112 000 deaths (87 400–145 000) and 1·28 million incident cases (0·947–1·71) in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 7·5 (6·6–8·4) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 3·3 (2·8–3·9) per 100 000 population in 2019. The highest proportion of total all-age meningitis deaths in 2019 was attributable to S pneumoniae (18·1% [17·1–19·2]), followed by N meningitidis (13·6% [12·7–14·4]) and K pneumoniae (12·2% [10·2–14·3]). Between 1990 and 2019, H influenzae showed the largest reduction in the number of deaths among children younger than 5 years (76·5% [69·5–81·8]), followed by N meningitidis (72·3% [64·4–78·5]) and viruses (58·2% [47·1–67·3]). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing meningitis mortality over the past three decades. However, more meningitis-related deaths might be prevented by quickly scaling up immunisation and expanding access to health services. Further reduction in the global meningitis burden should be possible through low-cost multivalent vaccines, increased access to accurate and rapid diagnostic assays, enhanced surveillance, and early treatment. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Seattle, WA, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Cardiovascular Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Radiology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Medical Laboratory of Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Neonatology, Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Parasitology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
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Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras Greece, Patras, Greece
Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
Institute of Global Health, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Health Sciences Department, Israa University, Gaza, Palestine
Inspection and Auditing Department, Ministry of Health, Gaza, Palestine
College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Research & Innovation Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Eyu-ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Public Health, Reproductive Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Department of Food Science and Technology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
School of Medicine, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Neurology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
Molecular Microbiology, New Delhi, India
Department of Biostatistics, New Delhi, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tuberculosis Department, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
Academics Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India
Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Epidemiology Department, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Anaesthesiology & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Epidemiology and preventive medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy
KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Clinical Investigation Unit, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara Univeristy, Punjab, India
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
Public Health Department, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Wollo University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Amhara Regional Health Bureau CDC Project, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Woldia, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
USAID-JSI, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Oromia, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
School of Public Policy and Administration, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Infectious Diseases Unit, Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Brazzaville, Congo
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Direction de Lépidémiologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies (Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control), Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Bacteriologi, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Bacteria and Drug Resistant Infections Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
School of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
Institute of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania
Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Discipline of Population Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Reproductive Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Research, Evidence and Policy Department, Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, United Kingdom
Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, United States
Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Emergency Department, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotlands Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Dept of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
Department of Public Health, Charité Insitute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Department of Radiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Tabriz, Iran
National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pulmonology
,
Department of Applied Mathematics
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Division of Infectious Diseases
Seattle
Faculty of Medicine
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Tropical Medicine Department
Cardiovascular Department
Radiology Department
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Medicine
Health Information Management
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology
Medical Laboratory of Science
Baxshin Hospital
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Department of Family and Community Health
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Childrens Medical Center
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Faculty of Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Department of Neurology
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Microbiology
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Human Anatomy
Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology
University Medical Center Groningen
Centre for Social Research in Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Neonatology
Faculty of Medicine
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation
Research and Development Department
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Biotechnology
Urology Department
Department of Ophthalmology
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Pharmacology
Obesity Research Center
Department of Medicine
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center
Parasitology Department
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Orthopedics
Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center
School of Medicine
Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team
Department of Radiology
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Student Research Committee
Department of Parasitology
Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center
Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia
Clinical and Experimental Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
School of Nursing
Department of Anatomy
Department Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center
Institute of Global Health
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Health Sciences Department
Inspection and Auditing Department
College of Medicine and Health Science
Faculty of Health Sciences
Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Internal Medicine Department
Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC)
NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre
Camborne School of Mines
Department of Zoology
Erbil Technical Health College
School of Pharmacy
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Infection
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Health Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Economics
School of Medicine
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
College of Medicine
Research & Innovation Center
Ministry of Health
Department of Community Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
Department of Medical Sciences
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Internal Medicine
Lerner Research Institute
School of Graduate Studies
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Special Interest Group International Health
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences
College of Art and Science
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Department of Biophysics
Department of Maternal and Child Health
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
Department of Pathology
Department of Community Medicine and Global Health
Institute of Health and Society
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Immunology
Department of Biomedical Science
Faculty of Nursing
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Biomedical Science
Department of Physiology
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Midwifery
Public Health
Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Microbiology
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Forensic Science
Department of Nursing
Department of Anatomy
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Food Science and Technology
School of Medicine
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Neurology
Addictology Department
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
University Institute of Public Health
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases
Faculty of Medicine
Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology
Molecular Microbiology
Department of Biostatistics
Indian Council of Medical Research
Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research
Department of Medicine
Tuberculosis Department
Barcelona Institute for Global Health
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies
Academics Department
Department of Surgery
School of Public Health
Research & Scientific Studies Unit
Epidemiology Department
Jazan University
Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Health
School of Public Health
Public Health Research Laboratory
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Anaesthesiology & Critical Care
Global Health Neurology Lab
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology
Department of General Medicine
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Internal Medicine
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Epidemiology and preventive medicine
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health
Department of Health Management
Global Health Research Institute
KHANA Center for Population Health Research
Internal Medicine Department
Clinical Investigation Unit
Board of Directors
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Public Health
Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department
Department of Community Medicine
Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD)
Division of Infectious Diseases
Chitkara College of Pharmacy
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Chemical Sciences
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health
Department of Chemistry
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies
Maternal and Child Health Division
Section Global Health and Rehabilitation
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Pharmacology
School of Public Health
Public Health Department
School of Public Health
Amhara Regional Health Bureau CDC Project
Department of Public Health
USAID-JSI
Department of Neurosurgery
Global Health Governance Programme
Centre for Medical Informatics
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
University of Sarajevo
School of Public Policy and Administration
Department of Forensic Medicine
Graduate Medical Education
Department of Public Health
Division of Pathology
Development of Research and Technology Center
Department of Medicine
Department of Biostatistics
Health Science Center
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Infection and Tropical Medicine
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Infectious Diseases Unit
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Department of Community Medicine
Clinical Pathology Department
Hygiene and Zoonoses Department
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Direction de Lépidémiologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies (Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control)
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Clinical Neuroscience
Department of Neurosurgery
Faculty of Medicine
Institute of Applied Health Sciences
Zoonotic Disease Research Center
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Bacteriologi
Department of Clinical Sciences
Bacteria and Drug Resistant Infections Group
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
School of Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Clinical Microbiology
Health Services Management Training Centre
Department of Applied Social Sciences
Community Medicine Department
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Global Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Department of Nursing
Department of Reproductive Health
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Discipline of Population Health
Nursing and Health Sciences
Department of Reproductive Health
Research
Pfizer Vaccines
Agency of Preventive Medicine
Infectious Disease Research Center
Pediatric Department
Department of Laboratory Sciences
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases
Health Services Management Department
Tropical Health Department
Emergency Department
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Department of Genetics
Health Systems and Policy Research
College of Medicine and Health Science
Toxicology Department
School of Medicine
Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences
Macquarie Medical School
Dept of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Medical Research Unit
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Radiology
Tabriz
National Data Management Center for Health
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Applied Microbiology
Department of Microbiology
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Nephrology
Department of Pulmonology

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