Transforming Vocational Education Pedagogy: Integrating Extended Reality and Problem-Immersive Experiences to Foster 21st-Century 6C Competencies
Wulansari R.E. Candra O. Samala A.D. Safitri R. Tin C.T.
25 December 2025Penerbit UTHM
International Journal of Integrated Engineering
2025#17Issue 4102 - 118 pp.
Vocational education has been challenged to develop the 21st-century 6C competencies, namely critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, citizenship, and character, especially at a highly fast rate of technological change. Conventional pedagogical models do not have enough of the immersion and real-world engagement that can help to develop these abilities. The current study was research that examined the use of Extended Reality (XR) in conjunction with problem-immersive learning projects to promote the development of 6C competencies in vocational learners. The quasi-experimental design was used, which included 120 vocational students (N=120) and were either placed in experimental group (XR-based learning) or control group (traditional instruction) in a 12-week period. Pre-test and post-test assessment based on observation checklists and competency-based performance test were used to collect data. The ANCOVA and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis of the results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher improvements in all 6Cs, with significant effects in critical thinking ( η2 = 0.18 ), creativity ( η2 = 0.22 ), and collaboration ( η2 = 0.15 ). The XR simulations and collaborative problem-solving conditions proved to be very effective in terms of communication, character, and citizenship development. The results show that XR and problem-immersive learning integrated can be an effective and applicable model to narrow the gap between theory and industry in vocational education. To make the proposed idea work, this research highlights the importance of specific teacher professional learning in XR pedagogy, redesigning the strategic curriculum, and the supportive policy framework to ensure the broader application of immersive learning models to Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET).
6C competencies , PBL , quasi-experimental , TVET , vocational education
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Universitas Negeri Padang, Faculty of Engineering, Jl Prof. Dr. Hamka Air Tawar Barat, Padang, 25173, Indonesia
Nazarbayev University, Robotic Program School of Engineering and Digital Science, 53, Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Universitas Negeri Padang
Nazarbayev University
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