Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

Wu D. Jin Y. Xing Y. Abate M.D. Abbasian M. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abbasi-Kangevari Z. Abd-Allah F. Abdelmasseh M. Abdollahifar M.-A. Abdulah D.M. Abedi A. Abedi V. Abidi H. Aboagye R.G. Abolhassani H. Abuabara K. Abyadeh M. Addo I.Y. Adeniji K.N. Adepoju A.V. Adesina M.A. Adnani Q.E.S. Afarideh M. Aghamiri S. Agodi A. Agrawal A. Arriagada C.E.A. Ahmad A. Ahmad D. Ahmad S. Ahmad S. Ahmadi A. Ahmed A. Ahmed A. Aithala J.P. Ajadi A.A. Ajami M. Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M. Alahdab F. AlBataineh M.T. Alemi S. Al-Gheethi A.A.S. Ali L. Alif S.M. Almazan J.U. Almustanyir S. Alqahtani J.S. Alqasmi I. Altaf I.U.K. Alvis-Guzman N. Alvis-Zakzuk N.J. Al-Worafi Y.M. Aly H. Amani R. Amu H. Amusa G.A. Andrei C.L. Ansar A. Ansariniya H. Anyasodor A.E. Arabloo J. Arefnezhad R. Arulappan J. Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Ashraf T. Atata J.A. Athari S.S. Atlaw D. Atout M.M.W. Aujayeb A. Awan A.T. Ayatollahi H. Azadnajafabad S. Azzam A.Y. Badawi A. Badiye A.D. Bagherieh S. Baig A.A. Bantie B.B. Barchitta M. Bardhan M. Barker-Collo S.L. Barone-Adesi F. Batra K. Bayileyegn N.S. Behnoush A.H. Belgaumi U.I. Bemanalizadeh M. Bensenor I.M. Beyene K.A. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhardwaj P. Bhaskar S. Bhat A.N. Bitaraf S. Bitra V.R. Boloor A. Bora K. Botelho J.S. Buchbinder R. Calina D. Cámera L.A. Carvalho A.F. Chan J.S.K. Chattu V.K. Abebe E.C. Chichagi F. Choi S. Chou T.-C. Chu D.-T. Coberly K. Costa V.M. Couto R.A.S. Cruz-Martins N. Dadras O. Dai X. Damiani G. Dascalu A.M. Dashti M. Debela S.A. Dellavalle R.P. Demetriades A.K. Demlash A.A. Deng X. Desai H.D. Desai R. Dewan S.M.R. Dey S. Dharmaratne S.D. Diaz D. Dibas M. Dinis-Oliveira R.J. Diress M. Do T.C. Doan D.K. Dodangeh M. Dodangeh M. Dongarwar D. Dube J. Dziedzic A.M. Ed-Dra A. Edinur H.A. Eissazade N. Ekholuenetale M. Ekundayo T.C. Elemam N.M. Elhadi M. Elmehrath A.O. Elmeligy O.A.A. Emamverdi M. Emeto T.I. Esayas H.L. Eshetu H.B. Etaee F. Fagbamigbe A.F. Faghani S. Fakhradiyev I.R. Fatehizadeh A. Fathi M. Feizkhah A. Fekadu G. Fereidouni M. Fereshtehnejad S.-M. Fernandes J.C. Ferrara P. Fetensa G. Filip I. Fischer F. Foroutan B. Foroutan M. Fukumoto T. Ganesan B. Gemeda B.N.B. Ghamari S.-H. Ghasemi M. Gholamalizadeh M. Gill T.K. Gillum R.F. Goldust M. Golechha M. Goleij P. Golinelli D. Goudarzi H. Guan S.-Y. Guo Y. Gupta B. Gupta V.B. Gupta V.K. Haddadi R. Hadi N.R. Halwani R. Haque S. Hasan I. Hashempour R. Hassan A. Hassan T.S. Hassanzadeh S. Hassen M.B. Haubold J. Hayat K. Heidari G. Heidari M. Heidari-Soureshjani R. Herteliu C. Hessami K. Hezam K. Hiraike Y. Holla R. Hosseini M.-S. Huynh H.-H. Hwang B.-F. Ibitoye S.E. Ilic I.M. Ilic M.D. Iranmehr A. Iravanpour F. Ismail N.E. Iwagami M. Iwu C.C.D. Jacob L. Jafarinia M. Jafarzadeh A. Jahankhani K. Jahrami H. Jakovljevic M. Jamshidi E. Jani C.T. Janodia M.D. Jayapal S.K. Jayaram S. Jeganathan J. Jonas J.B. Joseph A. Joseph N. Joshua C.E. Vaishali K. Kaambwa B. Kabir A. Kabir Z. Kadashetti V. Kaliyadan F. Kalroozi F. Kamal V.K. Kandel A. Kandel H. Kanungo S. Karami J. 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Willekens B. Woldegeorgis B.Z. Woldemariam M. Xiao H. Yada D.Y. Yahya G. Yang L. Yazdanpanah F. Yon D.K. Yonemoto N. You Y. Zahir M. Zaidi S.S. Zangiabadian M. Zare I. Zeineddine M.A. Zemedikun D.T. Zeru N.G. Zhang C. Zhao H. Zhong C. Zielińska M. Zoladl M. Zumla A. Guo C. Tam L.
October 2023 Elsevier Ltd

eClinicalMedicine
2023 #64

Background: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital ( 2022QN38).

Global burden of disease study , Immune-mediated inflammatory disease , Incidence , Trend

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Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Economics and Statistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Virology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran
Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran, Iran
Immunology Department, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran, Iran
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Surgery (M Abdelmasseh), Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Geography Planning and Environment, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Unidad de Emergencia Adulto, Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Community-oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ilorin, Nigeria
Veterinary Pathology, Stockholm County Council Surveillance and Analysis Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Ilorin, Nigeria
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Global Health Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Health Department, Directorate General of Health Services, Peshawar, Pakistan
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Department of Economic Sciences, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Physical Therapy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Biochemistry Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department fo Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, Kwara, Nigeria
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Continuing Education Grant Writing Academy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge Inc, Saint Paul, MN, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
Department of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, AUCKLAND, New Zealand
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. louis, MI, United States
Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Regional Medical Research Centre North East Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Institute for Mental and Physical Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong
Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Global Health and Rehabilitation Section, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, United States
Department of Medicine, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Research Unit, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Sciences Department, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative, Gandra, Portugal
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
School of Health Sciences, University of Science Malaysia (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin (Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Berlin, Germany
Institute for Allergology, Charité Medical University Berlin (Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Berlin, Germany
Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Research Centre, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen
,
Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
Department of Medicine & Therapeutics
Department of Paediatrics
School of Pharmacy
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Nursing
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Postgraduate Medical Education
Maternal Fetal Care Center
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Biotechnology
Department of Epidemiology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Immunology
Department of Neurology
Department of Medical Genetics
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services
Cancer Research Center
Department of Health Economics and Statistics
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Genetics
Department of Virology
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences
School of Medicine
Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC)
Department of Dermatology
Faculty of Medicine
Urology and Nephrology Research Center
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Pediatric Neurology
Department of Scientific Research
Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program
Department of Neurosurgery
Immunology Department
Department of Medicine
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Public Health
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC)
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Department of Cardiology
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Department of Neurology
Cancer Research Center
Cancer Biology Research Center
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Neurology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Surgery (M Abdelmasseh)
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute
Department of Public Health Sciences
Biocomplexity Institute
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
Department of Dermatology
Virginia Commonwealth University
Centre for Social Research in Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
Department of Geography Planning and Environment
Department of Public Health
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department
Adolescent Research and Care
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Trivedi School of Biosciences
Section of General Internal Medicine
Unidad de Emergencia Adulto
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pharmacology
Health Research Institute
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Community-oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Orthopedics
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Veterinary Pathology
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research
Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center
Department of Radiology
Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine
Cardiovascular Research Center
Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center
Department of Immunology
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Evidence-Based Practice Center
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Center for Biotechnology
Global Health Entrepreneurship
Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC)
Department of Infection
Camborne School of Mines
Department of Biological Sciences
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Medicine
College of Medicine
Ministry of Health
Department of Respiratory Care
Department of Public Health
Health Department
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
Department of Economic Sciences
National Health Observatory
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Lerner Research Institute
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Health Policy Research Center
Department of Anatomy
Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center
Noncommunicable Disease Research Center
Department of Physical Therapy
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Cardiology Department
Ophthalmology Department
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Special Interest Group International Health
Reproductive Immunology Research Center
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Information Management
School of Medicine
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Eye Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Maternal and Child Health
Cabrini Research
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
University Institute of Public Health
Biochemistry Department
Department fo Veterinary Pathology
Department of Immunology
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Biomedical Science
Faculty of Nursing
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
School of Nursing and Health Sciences
Continuing Education Grant Writing Academy
Department of Neurovascular Research
Faculty of Medicine
Public Health Risk Sciences Division
Department of Nutritional Sciences
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Forensic Science
School of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Comprehensive Nursing
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology
Department of Molecular Microbiology
Department of Biostatistics
School of Psychology
Department of Translational Medicine
Department of Medical Education
Department of Social and Behavioral Health
Department of Surgery
Department of Biostatistics
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Public Health Dentistry
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
Department of Health
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Global Health Neurology Lab
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology
Department of General Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Faculty of Health Sciences
Regional Medical Research Centre North East Region
Clinical Research Unit
Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Pharmaceutics
Board of Directors
Institute for Mental and Physical Health
School of Medicine
Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit
Saveetha Dental College
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD)
College of Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Department of Chemical Sciences
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health
Faculty of Medicine
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Department of Chemistry
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department
Department of Public Health
Global Health and Rehabilitation Section
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Psychosocial Science
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS)
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health
Department of Dermatology
Department of Quantitative Health Science
Department of Neonatology
Ophthalmology Department
School of Public Health
Department of Dermatology
Dermatology Service
Department of Neurosurgery
Global Health Governance Programme
Centre for Medical Informatics
Usher Institute
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Epidemiology Branch
Department of Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Department of Pharmacy
Pharmacology Department
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Development Studies
Department of Community Medicine
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
University of Washington
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Research Unit
Sciences Department
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior
Department of Medicine
Medical School
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Department of Biostatistics
Health Science Center
Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology
Office of Institutional Analysis
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Higher School of Technology
School of Health Sciences
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology
Department of Biological Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Pediatric Dentistry Department
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Pathology Department
Doheny Eye Institute
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Genetics
Institute of Applied Health Sciences
Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Nursing
Department of Molecular Medicine
Cellular and Molecular Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Medicine
Division of Neurology
Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry
Research Center on Public Health
School of Medicine and Surgery
Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Institute of Public Health
Institute for Allergology
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Medical Parasitology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dermatology
School of Global Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Department of Nursing
Adelaide Medical School
School of Public Health
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research
Department of Genetics
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences
Department of Respiratory Medicine
Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
Department of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences
Macquarie Medical School
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Midwifery
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine
Research & Scientific Studies Unit
Epidemiology Department
Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
Research Centre
National Data Management Center for Health
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology

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