Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Ward J.L. Azzopardi P.S. Francis K.L. Santelli J.S. Skirbekk V. Sawyer S.M. Kassebaum N.J. Mokdad A.H. Hay S.I. Abd-Allah F. Abdoli A. Abdollahi M. Abedi A. Abolhassani H. Abreu L.G. Abrigo M.R.M. Abu-Gharbieh E. Abushouk A.I. Adebayo O.M. Adekanmbi V. Adham D. Advani S.M. Afshari K. Agrawal A. Ahmad T. Ahmadi K. Ahmed A.E. Aji B. Akombi-Inyang B. Alahdab F. Al-Aly Z. Alam K. Alanezi F.M. Alanzi T.M. Alcalde-Rabanal J.E. Alemu B.W. Al-Hajj S. Alhassan R.K. Ali S. Alicandro G. Alijanzadeh M. Aljunid S.M. Almasi-Hashiani A. Almasri N.A. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Alonso J. Al-Raddadi R.M. Altirkawi K.A. Alvis-Guzman N. Amare A.T. Amini S. Aminorroaya A. Amit A.M.L. Amugsi D.A. Ancuceanu R. Anderlini D. Andrei C.L. Androudi S. Ansari F. Ansari I. Antonio C.A.T. Anvari D. Anwer R. Appiah S.C.Y. Arabloo J. Arab-Zozani M. Ärnlöv J. Asaad M. Asadi-Aliabadi M. Asadi-Pooya A.A. Atout M.M.W. Ausloos M. Avenyo E.K. Avila-Burgos L. Quintanilla B.P.A. Ayano G. Aynalem Y.A. Azari S. Azene Z.N. Bakhshaei M.H. Bakkannavar S.M. Banach M. Banik P.C. Barboza M.A. Barker-Collo S.L. Bärnighausen T.W. Basu S. Baune B.T. Bayati M. Bedi N. Beghi E. Bekuma T.T. Bell A.W. Bell M.L. Benjet C. Bensenor I.M. Berhe A.K. Berhe K. Berman A.E. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhardwaj N. Bhardwaj P. Bhattacharyya K. Bhattarai S. Bhutta Z.A. Bijani A. Bikbov B. Biondi A. Birhanu T.T.M. Biswas R.K. Bohlouli S. Bolla S.R. Boloor A. Borschmann R. Boufous S. Bragazzi N.L. Braithwaite D. Breitborde N.J.K. Brenner H. Britton G.B. Burns R.A. Nagaraja S.B. Butt Z.A. Santos F.L.C.D. Cámera L.A. Campos-Nonato I.R. Rincon J.C.C. Cárdenas R. Carreras G. Carrero J.J. Carvalho F. Castaldelli-Maia J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela C.A. Castelpietra G. Catalá-López F. Cerin E. Chandan J.S. Chang H.-Y. Chang J.-C. Charan J. Chattu V.K. Chaturvedi S. Choi J.-Y.J. Chowdhury M.A.K. Christopher D.J. Chu D.-T. Chung M.T. Chung S.-C. Cicuttini F.M. Constantin T.V. Costa V.M. Dahlawi S.M.A. Dai H. Dai X. Damiani G. Dandona L. Dandona R. Daneshpajouhnejad P. 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30 October 2021 Elsevier B.V.

The Lancet
2021 #398 Issue 10311 1593 - 1618 pp.

Background: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings: In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation: Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Ucl Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Global Adolescent Health Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
Department of Clinical Sciences, United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, United Arab Emirates;, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Th Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
College of Medicine, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
Economics and Rural Development Department, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Rochester, MN, United States
John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Epidemiology Center, St Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Health and Nutrition Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Social Statistics and Population Census, Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, Italy
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Physiotherapy Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Parasitology, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines
College of Medicine, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Urology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Education, And Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Neurology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
DST/NRF South African Research Department in Industrial Development, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Anesthesiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Manipal, India
Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Neurosciences, San Jose, Costa Rica
School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Who Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, Dr D y Patil University, Mumbai, India
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
United Arab Emirates University, Institute of Public Health, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Anatomy (Prof N Bhardwaj MD), Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Bhardwaj MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Planning, Amhara Public Health Institute, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Justice Health Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
Ohio State University, James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Neuroscience Unit, Panama City, Panama
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Department of Community Medicine, Bangalore, India
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
School of Medicine, University of Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italy
Institute of Health Carlos Iii, National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
Research Department, Dr D y Patil University, Pune, India
Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
James P Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Otolaryngology (M T Chung MD), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
Health Data Research Uk, London, United Kingdom
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Cardiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Irccs Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
St Pauls Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
National Centre for Aids and Std Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD), Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, n Rosales, Culiac, Mexico
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Medicine, Federal

Ucl Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences
Global Adolescent Health Group
Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Population Health Theme
Department of Population and Family Health
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Health and Behavior Studies
Department of Pediatrics
Centre for Fertility and Health
Department of Paediatrics
Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Division of Cardiology
Department of Neurology
Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology
Department of Medical Parasitology
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
School of Pharmacy
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Pharmacology
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Tehran Heart Center
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
School of Medicine
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Faculty of Medicine
Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Keck School of Medicine
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Research
Department of Clinical Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Harvard Medical School
Th Chan School of Public Health
Center for Primary Care
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Entomology
College of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Population Medicine
School of Health
Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation
School of Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Section of General Internal Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
Lincoln Medical School
Economics and Rural Development Department
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre
School of Medicine
School of Optometry and Vision Science
Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research
John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Veterans Affairs
Murdoch Business School
Health Information Management and Technology Department
Environmental Health Department
Forensic Medicine Division
Department of Pharmacology
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Center for Health Systems Research
Health and Nutrition Research Center
National Institute of Public Health
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy
British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit
Institute of Health Research
Department of Information Systems
Social Statistics and Population Census
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases
Health Services Management Department
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Health Services Management
Occupational Health Department
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Pediatrics
Physiotherapy Department
Medical Research Center
Epidemiology Department
Department of Parasitology
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health
Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP)
Department of Community Medicine
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
School of Medicine
Robinson Research Institute
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies
School of Medicine and Public Health
College of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Administration
Department of Clinical Epidemiology
Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Pharmacy Department
Cardiology Department
Urology Department
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
Neurology Department
Department of Medicine
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Management and Medical Informatics
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Medical Students Research Committee
Department of Applied Social Sciences
Department of Parasitology
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center
Department of Parasitology
Department of Pathology
Department of Public Health
Department of Sociology and Social Work
Center for International Health
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Student Research Committee
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Tehran Institute of Psychiatry
Colorectal Research Center
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Global Public Health
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Medicine
School of Health and Social Studies
Department of Plastic Surgery
Epilepsy Research Center
Health Human Resources Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology
Health Policy Research Center
Neurology Department
Faculty of Nursing
School of Business
Department of Health Sciences
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Department of International Development
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health
George Institute for Global Health
DST/NRF South African Research Department in Industrial Development
Judith Lumley Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Psychology and Public Health
School of Public Health
School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science
Department of Nursing
Department of Reproductive Health
School of Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Kasturba Medical College
Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS)
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
Department of Neurosciences
School of Medicine
School of Psychology
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Ophthalmology
School of Public Health
Imperial College Business School
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Who Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training
Department of Psychiatry
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
School of Public Health
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Department of Public Health
Department of Social Services
School of Environment
Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Reproductive Health
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Medicine
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy
United Arab Emirates University
Department of Anatomy (Prof N Bhardwaj MD)
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Bhardwaj MD)
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Department of Global Health
Centre for Global Child Health
Department of Medicine
Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Clinical Biochemistry
Student Research Committee
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Planning
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Kasturba Medical College
Justice Health Unit
School of Health Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
University of Genoa
Department of Epidemiology
Cancer Population Sciences Program
Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department
Department of Psychology
Ohio State University
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Research School of Population Health
Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Institute of Microengineering
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Epidemiology
Argentine Society of Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Health Care
Oncological Network
Institute for Cancer Research
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Laboratory of Toxicology
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Mental Health
Institute of Health Carlos Iii
Clinical Epidemiology Program
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
School of Public Health
Department of Urban Planning and Design
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
Institute of Applied Health Research
National Health Research Institutes
College of Medicine
Department of Nursing
Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH)
Research Department
Biomedical Informatics
James P Grant School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Department of Endocrinology
Department of Nephrology
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Otolaryngology (M T Chung MD)
Health Data Research Uk
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health
Department of Cardiology
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Irccs Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS)
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health
Department of Dermatology
Department of Quantitative Health Science
Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
Health Policy Research
Department of Research
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Pathology
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Pathology
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute
Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology
Department of Information Technology
Department of Population and Development
Health Research Institute
Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention
St Pauls Eye Unit
Department of Ophthalmology
Division of Cardiology
School of Nursing and Midwifery
National Centre for Aids and Std Control
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Microbiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD)
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health
Development of Research and Technology Center
School of Medicine
Translational Health Research Institute
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
School of Medicine

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