The motivational function of goals in physical activity: a cross-cultural comparison

Wang Z. Wilczyńska D.M. Cichoń E. Kreft K. Lu J. Lipowska M. Lada-Masko A.B. Radtke B.M. Sajewicz-Radtke U. Izydorczyk B. Gmiąt A. Vago P. Liu T. Helmy M. Enea V. Pourvakhshoori N. Bolatov A. Lipowski M.
2026 Frontiers Media SA

Frontiers in Psychology
2026 #16

Objective: The aim of the study was to show the differences in the dominant motivational function of physical activity (PA) between women and men from Poland (PL), China (CN), Iran (IR), Kazakhstan (KZ), Egypt (EG), Romania (RO), and Italy (IT). Methods: A total of 6,195 participants (females = 3,376 and males = 2,819) aged 18–88 years (M = 28.5, SD = 12.74), residing in the seven countries, were analyzed for the purpose of this study. Twelve goal types were distinguished by the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO) tool were used in the study. Results: The analysis results indicated the significant main effects of gender and country. The three-way interaction between gender, type of goal, and country was significant, indicative that the largest differences in the rating of the goals’ importance between males and females occurred in evaluating objective 4 (fit, shapely body) in RO. Males in RO assessed this goal significantly lower than females. Among females, one of the largest differences occurred in the evaluation of the importance of objective 7 (boosting confidence, gaining appreciation from others) between PL and EG, as well as PL and IR. Conclusion: Understanding the motives behind PA and gender differences is crucial for developing effective health interventions and future cross-cultural research. The results of the study can be used in marketing by tailoring the content of the message to the audience. In schools, understanding the motives for physical activity will allow the curriculum to be adapted and thus increase student engagement in exercise. Understanding the profile of the exercise participant by the instructor will allow their needs to be effectively met and will positively correlate with persistence in activity. Copyright

exercise motivation , nationality , physical activity , pro-healthy behavior , sport psychology

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Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
University WSB Merito Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
University of Lower Silesia, Wrocław, Poland
University College of Professional Education in Wroclaw Poland, Wroclaw, Poland
University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
Laboratory of Psychological and Educational Tests, Gdańsk, Poland
Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milano, Italy
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Human Research and Development LLP, Astana University, Astana, Kazakhstan

Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
University WSB Merito Gdańsk
University of Lower Silesia
University College of Professional Education in Wroclaw Poland
University of Gdańsk
Laboratory of Psychological and Educational Tests
Jagiellonian University
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
Zhengzhou University
Sultan Qaboos University
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Department of Nursing
Human Research and Development LLP

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