Multi-Element Exposure and Health Risks of Grains from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India
Wakhle B. Sharma S. Patel K.S. Pandey P.K. Blažević A. Fiket Ž. Yurdakul S. Varol S. Martín-Ramos P. Al-Yousef H.M. Mothana R.A.
January 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Toxics
2025#13Issue 1
Rice, wheat, and maize grains are staple foods, widely consumed for their mineral and nutritional values. However, they can accumulate toxic elements from contaminated soils, posing health risks. This study investigates the bioaccumulation patterns of 52 elements (including nutrients, heavy metals, and rare earth elements) in various parts (grain, husk, straw, and root) of cereals grown in a heavily polluted region. The results revealed that rice grains exhibited a higher accumulation (Σ33.4 mg/kg) of toxic elements (As, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb) than wheat (Σ26.6 mg/kg) and maize (Σ16.2 mg/kg) grains, with the high-yield RI64 cultivar (Σ47.0 mg/kg) being the most susceptible. Across the rice plant, accumulation increased in the order of grain < husk < straw < root. Elements like P, K, Cu, and Zn showed the highest enrichment. Worryingly, the most toxic elements, such as As, Pb, and Cd, exceeded permissible limits across grains, straws, and husks. Health risk assessment indicated that wheat and maize pose greater non-cancer and cancer risks than rice. Despite being grown in a highly contaminated region, the study identifies some rice cultivars like Luchai and Sarna as relatively safer options due to a lower accumulation of toxic elements.
grains , health hazards , mineral , potentiality , toxicity
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Department of Chemistry, Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, G. E. Road, CG, Raipur, 492010, India
Department of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Baloda-Bazar Road, CG, Raipur, 493225, India
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Kazakhstan
Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Kazakhstan
ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, Palencia, 34004, Spain
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
Department of Chemistry
Department of Applied Sciences
Division for Marine and Environmental Research
Environmental Engineering Department
Geological Engineering Department
ETSIIAA
Department of Pharmacognosy
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