Lockdown Lives: A Longitudinal Study of Inter-Relationships Among Feelings of Loneliness, Social Contacts, and Solidarity During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Early 2020

van Breen J.A. Kutlaca M. Koç Y. Jeronimus B.F. Reitsema A.M. Jovanović V. Agostini M. Bélanger J.J. Gützkow B. Kreienkamp J. Abakoumkin G. Khaiyom J.H.A. Ahmedi V. Akkas H. Almenara C.A. Atta M. Bagci S.C. Basel S. Berisha Kida E. Bernardo A.B.I. Buttrick N.R. Chobthamkit P. Choi H.-S. Cristea M. Csaba S. Damnjanovic K. Danyliuk I. Dash A. Di Santo D. Douglas K.M. Enea V. Faller D.G. Fitzsimons G. Gheorghiu A. Gómez Á. Hamaidia A. Han Q. Helmy M. Hudiyana J. Jiang D.-Y. Kamenov Ž. Kende A. Keng S.-L. Kieu T.T.T. Kovyazina K. Kozytska I. Krause J. Kruglanski A.W. Kurapov A. Lantos N.A. Lemay E.P., Jr. Lesmana C.B.J. Louis W.R. Lueders A. Malik N.I. Martinez A. McCabe K. Mehulić J. Milla M.N. Mohammed I. Molinario E. Moyano M. Muhammad H. Mula S. Muluk H. Myroniuk S. Najafi R. Nisa C.F. Nyúl B. O’Keefe P.A. Olivas Osuna J.J. Osin E.N. Park J. Pica G. Pierro A. Rees J. Resta E. Rullo M. Ryan M.K. Samekin A. Santtila P. Sasin E. Schumpe B.M. Selim H.A. Stanton M.V. Sultana S. Sutton R.M. Tseliou E. Utsugi A. van Lissa C.J. van Veen K. vanDellen M.R. Vázquez A. Wollast R. Wai-Lan Yeung V. Zand S. Žeželj I.L. Zheng B. Zick A. Zúñiga C. Leander N.P.
September 2022 SAGE Publications Inc.

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2022 #48 Issue 9 1315 - 1330 pp.

We examine how social contacts and feelings of solidarity shape experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020. From the PsyCorona database, we obtained longitudinal data from 23 countries, collected between March and May 2020. The results demonstrated that although online contacts help to reduce feelings of loneliness, people who feel more lonely are less likely to use that strategy. Solidarity played only a small role in shaping feelings of loneliness during lockdown. Thus, it seems we must look beyond the current focus on online contact and solidarity to help people address feelings of loneliness during lockdown. Finally, online contacts did not function as a substitute for face-to-face contacts outside the home—in fact, more frequent online contact in earlier weeks predicted more frequent face-to-face contacts in later weeks. As such, this work provides relevant insights into how individuals manage the impact of restrictions on their social lives.

COVID-19 , loneliness , longitudinal methodology , online communication , solidarity

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Leiden University, Netherlands
Durham University, United Kingdom
University of Groningen, Netherlands
University of Novi Sad, Serbia
New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo
Ankara Science University, Turkey
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
De la Salle University, Manila, Philippines
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
University of Belgrade, Serbia
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
Setif 2 University, Sétif, Algeria
University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
National Chung Cheng University, ROC, Taiwan
University of Zagreb, Croatia
Yale-NUS College, Singapore
Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Viet Nam
Kazakhstan
University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Carleton University, Ottowa, ON, Canada
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
University of Cordoba, Spain
University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation
NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan
University of Camerino, Italy
Bielefeld University, Germany
University of Siena, Arezzo, Italy
University of Exeter, United Kingdom
M. NARIKBAYEV KAZGUU UNIVERSITY, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
New York University Shanghai, China
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
California State University, East Bay, Hayward, United States
Nagoya University, Japan
Utrecht University, Netherlands
University of Georgia, Athens, United States
Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Leiden University
Durham University
University of Groningen
University of Novi Sad
New York University Abu Dhabi
University of Thessaly
International Islamic University
Pristine University
Ankara Science University
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas
University of Sargodha
Sabancı University
De la Salle University
University of Virginia
Thammasat University
Sungkyunkwan University
Heriot Watt University
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
University of Belgrade
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
La Sapienza University of Rome
University of Kent
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Duke University
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Setif 2 University
University of Bristol
Menoufia University
Universitas Indonesia
National Chung Cheng University
University of Zagreb
Yale-NUS College
Ho Chi Minh City University of Education
Kazakhstan
University of Maryland
Udayana University
The University of Queensland
Université Clermont Auvergne
The University of Sheffield
Carleton University
Usmanu Danfodiyo University
University of Cordoba
University of Peshawar
Islamic Azad University
HSE University
NUCB Business School
University of Camerino
Bielefeld University
University of Siena
University of Exeter
M. NARIKBAYEV KAZGUU UNIVERSITY
New York University Shanghai
University of Amsterdam
King Saud University
California State University
Nagoya University
Utrecht University
University of Georgia
Lingnan University
Imperial College London
Universidad de Chile

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