Global hotspots of mycorrhizal fungal richness are poorly protected
Van Nuland M.E. Averill C. Stewart J.D. Prylutskyi O. Corrales A. van Galen L.G. Manley B.F. Qin C. Lauber T. Mikryukov V. Dulia O. Furci G. Marín C. Sheldrake M. Weedon J.T. Peay K.G. Cornwallis C.K. Větrovský T. Kohout P. Baldrian P. Tedersoo L. West S.A. Crowther T.W. Kiers E.T. Wegmann A.S. Venturini A.M. Venter Z.S. Urrutia-Jalabert R. Ulzen J. Tormo C.M. Tolari L. Taole M.M. Suberbielle N. Stielow J.B. Stephens G. Soltabayeva A. Sheldrake C. Rosales J.D. Ramirez-Villacis D.X. Pringle R. Parra Aldana C.A. Nokes L.F. Muñoz A.A. Molete S. Maurice J.-P. Martin F. Maduna L. Llerena S. Leon-Reyes A. Lanfranco L. Koshkina A. Hynson N. Franklin K. Diringer V. Deveau A. Day M. Daws S.C. Chialva M. Chaudhary B. Chatanga P. Cevirgel A. Bonfante P. Barriga-Medina N. van den Hoogen J.
11 September 2025Nature Research
Nature
2025#645Issue 8080414 - 422 pp.
Mycorrhizal fungi are ecosystem engineers that sustain plant life and help regulate Earth’s biogeochemical cycles1, 2–3. However, in contrast to plants and animals, the global distribution of mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity is largely unknown, which limits our ability to monitor and protect key underground ecosystems4,5. Here we trained machine-learning algorithms on a global dataset of 25,000 geolocated soil samples comprising >2.8 billion fungal DNA sequences. We predicted arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungal richness and rarity across terrestrial ecosystems. On the basis of these predictions, we generated high-resolution, global-scale maps and identified key reservoirs of highly diverse and endemic mycorrhizal communities. Intersecting protected areas with mycorrhizal hotspots indicated that less than 10% of predicted mycorrhizal richness hotspots currently exist in protected areas. Our results describe a largely hidden component of Earth’s underground ecosystems and can help identify conservation priorities, set monitoring benchmarks and create specific restoration plans and land-management strategies.
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Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN), Dover, DE, United States
Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Funga Public Benefit Corporation, Austin, TX, United States
Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Falz-Fein Biosphere Reserve “Askania Nova”, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine
Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Fungi Foundation, Brooklyn, NY, United States
Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Valdivia, Chile
Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho
Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
Outer Coast, Sitka, AK, United States
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE-Nancy, Champenoux, France
The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, HI, United States
Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
Mycological Society of Lorraine, Neufchateau, France
Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia
Ingeniero Forestal, Universidad Distrital, Bogota, Colombia
Magister en Bosques y Conservación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Taxonomy and Ecology of Fungi Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Bioinformatics Group, Greifswald, Germany
Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse, Office de l’Environnement de la Corse, Corte, France
Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
Center of Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago, Chile
Terrestrial Ecology Section, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
The Nature Conservancy, Sacramento, CA, United States
Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN)
Institute of Integrative Biology
Funga Public Benefit Corporation
Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE)
Falz-Fein Biosphere Reserve “Askania Nova”
Mycology and Microbiology Center
Fungi Foundation
Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC)
Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE)
Department of Earth System Science
Department of Biology
Department of Biology
Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology
College of Science
Department of Biology
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention
Department of Biology
Department of Environmental Studies
Outer Coast
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Université de Lorraine
The Nature Conservancy
Pacific Biosciences Research Center
Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan
Mycological Society of Lorraine
Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales
Ingeniero Forestal
Magister en Bosques y Conservación Ambiental
Department of Microbial Ecology
Plant–Microbe Interactions
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences
Biology Department
Helmholtz Institute for One Health
Conservatoire Botanique National de Corse
Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre
Departamento de Ciencias Forestales
Center of Climate and Resilience Research
Terrestrial Ecology Section
The Nature Conservancy
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