The effect of seasonal and meteorological factors on suicide rates in the Lithuanian population in 2001–2021: a case‑crossover study
Vaičiulis V. Radišauskas R. Meščeriakova O. Kalinienė G. Valiukas D. Seiduanova L. Abikulova A. Venclovienė J.
December 2025BioMed Central Ltd
BMC Public Health
2025#25Issue 1
Background: The creation and implementation of suicide prevention measures requires an evaluation of the full range of potential risk factors. This study examined the associations between the total number of suicides in the season-specific context and various meteorological parameters in Lithuania as a country of the Boreal region. Methods: This study included data on 21,487 cases of suicide in Lithuania from 2001 to 2021. The data were collected from the Register of the Institute of Hygiene. The associations between weather variables and the daily number of suicides were evaluated using a multivariate Poisson regression. Results: The rate ratio (RR) of suicide was observed to be highest in two summer months, June and July (1.35 and 1.36, respectively), compared to January, with the same tendency in both sexes and different ages. Elevated temperature was associated with a significantly higher RR of suicide in the general population, in men, and across all ages. Moreover, a higher number of sunny hours per day was also associated with higher RR in the whole sample, in both sexes and at the youngest and the oldest ages. Higher atmospheric pressure was found to be associated with lower suicide RR in the total sample, in men, and in the youngest and the middle age groups. An average relative humidity (RH) of 50% or more, compared to an average relative humidity < 50%, was associated with a significantly higher RR of suicide in the total sample and in the men’s group. Conclusions: There is significant evidence of seasonal effects on suicide. Clinical services in Lithuania should be aware of the risk of suicide on the hot, long summer days, especially among men.
Lithuania , Meteorological factors , Seasons , Suicide , The boreal region
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Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, Kaunas, 47181, Lithuania
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzės St. 18, Kaunas, 47181, Lithuania
Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave. 15, Kaunas, 50162, Lithuania
Department of Health Management, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzės St. 18, Kaunas, 47181, Lithuania
Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service, Oršos St. 8, Vilnius, 09300, Lithuania
Department of Health Politics and Management, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole Bi Street 94, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Health Research Institute
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
Institute of Cardiology
Department of Health Management
Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service
Department of Health Politics and Management
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