Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Etiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management. Fresh Look into a Full Box
Turesheva A. Aimagambetova G. Ukybassova T. Marat A. Kanabekova P. Kaldygulova L. Amanzholkyzy A. Ryzhkova S. Nogay A. Khamidullina Z. Ilmaliyeva A. Almawi W.Y. Atageldiyeva K.
June 2023Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Journal of Clinical Medicine
2023#12Issue 12
Recurrent pregnancy loss is a complex health challenge with no universally accepted definition. Inconsistency in definitions involves not only the number of spontaneous abortions (two or three) that are accepted for recurrent pregnancy loss but the types of pregnancy and gestational age at miscarriage. Due to the heterogeneity of definitions and criteria applied by international guidelines for recurrent pregnancy loss, the true incidence of recurrent miscarriage, which is reported to range from 1% to 5%, is difficult to estimate. Moreover, the exact etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss remains questionable; thus, it is considered a polyetiological and multifactorial condition with many modifiable and non-modifiable factors involved. Even after thoroughly evaluating recurrent pregnancy loss etiology and risk factors, up to 75% of cases remain unexplained. This review aimed to summarize and critically analyze accumulated knowledge on the etiology, risk factors, relevant diagnostic options, and management approach to recurrent pregnancy loss. The relevance of various factors and their proposed roles in recurrent pregnancy loss pathogenesis remains a matter of discussion. The diagnostic approach and the management largely depend on the etiology and risk factors taken into consideration by a healthcare professional as a cause of recurrent miscarriage for a particular woman or couple. Underestimation of social and health consequences of recurrent pregnancy loss leads to compromised reproductive health and psychological well-being of women after miscarriage. Studies on etiology and risk factors for recurrent pregnancy loss, especially idiopathic, should be continued. The existing international guidelines require updates to assist clinical practice.
miscarriage , pregnancy loss , recurrent miscarriage , recurrent pregnancy loss , RPL , RPL management
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Department of Normal Physiology, West-Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, 030000, Kazakhstan
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Clinical Academic Department of Women’s Health, CF “University Medical Center”, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #1, NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #2, West-Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, 030000, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine #3, NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Faculte’ des Sciences de Tunis, Universite’ de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 5000, Tunisia
Clinical Academic Department of Internal Medicine, CF “University Medical Center”, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Normal Physiology
Department of Surgery
Clinical Academic Department of Women’s Health
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #1
Department of Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #2
Department of Medicine #3
Faculte’ des Sciences de Tunis
Clinical Academic Department of Internal Medicine
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