Gender-specific adult dietary patterns and their association with cardiometabolic risk in Kazakh population
Tuleuova R.S. Zhamalieva L.M.
1 July 2025Kaz Med Print LLP
Reproductive Medicine (Central Asia)
2025#2025Issue 2193 - 202 pp.
Relevance: Nutrition is one of the key factors influencing public health and the development of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to the World Health Organization, diets low in vegetables, fruits, dietary fiber, and polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Gender differences in physiology, hormonal regulation, and dietary behavior may underlie distinct pathways of cardiovascular risk formation in men and women. The study aimed to investigate gender differences in nutrient intake patterns and biochemical markers (lipid profile, glucose, ApoA1, among others) in the adult Kazakh population, focusing on potential cardiometabolic risks. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted involving 195 participants: 98 patients with acute cardiovascular events (hospitalized on an emergency basis in cardiology departments) and 97 control subjects randomly selected from the general population. All participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), underwent anthropometric measurements, and received a biochemical assessment. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, the omega-3 index, and apolipoprotein A1 were measured. Comparisons were performed by sex and group (patients vs. controls), using Student’s t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Men exhibited significantly higher levels of apolipoprotein A1 and higher intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and B2, and potassium. Women tended to have higher body mass index (BMI), blood glucose levels, and lower micronutrient intake. Conclusion: The observed gender differences in biochemical and dietary parameters highlight the need for sex-specific nutritional recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of cardiometabolic disease prevention in the Kazakh population.
apolipoprotein A1 , cardiovascular risk , gender differences , Kazakh population , nutrition , omega-3 index
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Department of Evidence-Based Medicine and Scientific Management, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Department of General Medical Practice, NCJSC, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Department of Evidence-Based Medicine and Scientific Management
Department of General Medical Practice
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