Quantifying the fatal and non-fatal burden of disease associated with child growth failure, 2000–2023: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023


Troeger C.E. Arndt M.B. Aalruz H. Abdoun M. Abdullahi A. Abebe M. Abedi A. Abie A. Aboagye R.G. Abolhassani H. Abtew Y.D. Abu-Zaid A. Adamu L.H. Adane M.M. Addo I.Y. Adegboye O.A. Adekanmbi V. Adetunji J.B. Adnani Q.E.S. Adzigbli L.A. Afzal M.S. Afzal S. Aggarwal N. Ahmad A. Ahmad M.M. Ahmad S. Ahmadi E. Ahmed A. Ahmed H. Ahmed M.S. Ahmed M. Ajami M. Aji B. Al Hasan S.M. Al Omari O. Alam M.K. Albashtawy M. Alemnew F. Al-Eyadhy A. Ali M.U. Ali R. Ali S.S. Ali W. Almazan J.U. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Alsabri M.A. Alshahrani N.Z. Altaf A. Alvis-Guzman N. Al-Wardat M. Aly H. Amugsi D.A. Anil A. Anteneh Z.A. Anuoluwa B.S. Anvari S. Anyasodor A.E. Arabloo J. Aravkin A.Y. Areda D. Arooj M. Artamonov A.A. Arumugam A. Aryntayeva N. Asiamah-Asare B.K.Y. Athari S.S. Atout M.M.W. Aweke A.M. Awotidebe A.W. Ayenew A.A. Azanaw M.M. Aziz S. Babu G.R. Bai R. Baker J.L. Balcha W.F. Banik P.C. Bardhan M. Barrow A. Bashir S. Basiru A. Bassat Q. Bastan M.-M. Behera P. Bell M.L. Bemanalizadeh M. Bhadoria A.S. Bhaskar S. Bhattacharjee P. Bhatti J.S. Bisignano C. Biswas B. Bodhare T. Bolla S.R. Boppana S.H. Capodici A. Chandika R.M. Chattu V.K. Chaudhary A.A. Chekole M.S. Chen H. Cho D.Y. Choudhari S.G. Chukwu I.S. Chung E. Cruz-Martins N. da Silva A.G. Dahiru T. Dai X. Dandona L. Dandona R. Darcho S.D. Darwish A.H. De la Hoz F.P. Denova-Gutiérrez E. Devanbu V.G.C. Devegowda D. Dima A. Do T.C. Dowou R.K. Dy A.B.C. El Bayoumy I.F. Eldegwi M. Elhadi M. Elilo L.T. El Sayed I. Fasanmi A.O. Figueiredo M. Fischer F. Fomenkov A.A. Fraij A. Gebremedhin A.T. Getacher L. Getahun G.K. Gholamalizadeh M. Gilbertson N.M. Girmay A.A. Golechha M. Gonzalez-Castell D. Grivna M. Guan S.-Y. Gubari M.I.M. Gunawardane D.A. Guo Z. Gupta B. Gupta R.D. Haile D. Hamdy N.M. Handal A.J. Hanifi N. Hareru H.E. Has E.M.M. Hasaballah A.I. Hassan I. Hay S.I. Hayat K. He J. Heibati B. Heuer A. Hezam K. Holla R. Hossain M.S. Hosseinzadeh H. Hostiuc S. Huda T.M. Hussain J. Hussein D. Huynh H.-H. Hwang B.-F. Ibitoye S.E. Immurana M. Iskander T.R. Islam M.R. Islam M.S. Islam S.M.S. Jacob L. Jakovljevic M. Jayaram S. Jayatilleke A.U. Jin W. Joseph A. Joseph N. Kabir A. Kadashetti V. Kadir D.H.H. Kalra S. Kamireddy A. Kanmodi K.K. Kantar R.S. Kashoo F.Z. Kayode G.A. Kedir S. Keflie T.S. Khan A. Khan M. Khanal V. Khanmohammadi S. Khatab K. Khatatbeh M.M. Khatib M.N. Khidri F.F. Kim K. Kim M.S. Kisa A. Kompani F. Koomson I. Krishan K. Kulimbet M. Kumar D. Kumar G.A. Kumar N. Kumar V. Kurmanova A. Kurniasari M.D. Kusuma D. Lahariya C. Latief K. Le M.H.N. Le N.H.H. Lee S.-W. Lee S.W. Lee Y.H. Ligade V.S. Lim S.S. Lin J. Liu J. Liu X. Lodha R. López-Gil J.F. Lourembam S.D. Ma Z.F. Mabrok M. Malhotra K. Malik A.A. Mansouri V. Manu E. Marzan M.B. Marzo R.R. Marzouk S. Mathur M. Mattiello R. Mediratta R.P. Mehboob R. Mehta K.M. Mekene Meto T. Mestrovic T. Mettananda S. Miazgowski T. Minervini G. Mirghafourvand M. Mirica A. Mohamed J. Mohamed N.S. Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S. Mohammadian-Hafshejani A. Mohammed S. Mokdad A.H. Monasta L. Moni M.A. Mubarik S. Mukherjee S. Mulatu S. Mulita F. Murray C.J.L. Mustafa G. Nafei A. Naik G.R. Natto Z.S. Nauman J. Navaratna S.N.K. Nayak B.P. Nega A.T. Nepal S. Netsere H.B. Nguefack-Tsague G. Nguyen D. Nguyen T.P. Niazi R.K. Nikoobar A. Nnyanzi L.A. Nomura S. Nouri M. Nri-Ezedi C.A. Nurrika D. Nyadanu S.D. Nzoputam C.I. Nzoputam O.J. Odetokun I.A. Okati-Aliabad H. Okekunle A.P. Okonji O.C. Olusanya B.O. Olusanya J.O. Osuagwu U.L. Ouyahia A. P M. Padubidri J.R. Pantea Stoian A. Parikh R.R. Patel J. Patil S. Pawar S. Pereira G. Perianayagam A. Petermann-Rocha F.E. Pham H.N. Pham H.T. Phan M.K. Pradhan J. Pradhan P.M.S. Prashant A. Puvvula J. Qattea I. Raghav P. Rahman M.M. Rahman M. Rahman M.A. Rahmani A.M. Rahmati M. Rai R.K. Raimondo I. Rajaa S. Rajabi R. Ramadan M.M. Ramasamy C. Ramasamy S.K. Ranabhat C.L. Rao C.R. Rao S.J. Rasella D. Rashid M. Rathish D. Rauniyar S.K. Rawaf D.L. Rawaf S. Rezaei N. Rezaeian M. Rodrigues da Silva T.P. 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Umair M. Unnikrishnan B. Upadhyay E. Usman J.S. Van den Eynde J. Vaziri S. Vellingiri B. Vlassov V. Wagaw G.B. Wang Y. Wu F. Xiao H. Yadav V. Yahya G. Yon D.K. Yonemoto N. Yu C. Zaman S.B. Zare I. Zastrozhin M. Zeariya M.G.M. Zebari S.M.M.S. Zhong C.C. Kassebaum N.J. Reiner R.C., Jr.
January 2026Elsevier B.V.

The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health
2026#10Issue 122 - 38 pp.

Background: Child growth failure (CGF), which includes underweight, wasting, and stunting, is among the factors most strongly associated with mortality and morbidity in children younger than 5 years worldwide. Poor height and bodyweight gain arise from a variety of biological and sociodemographic factors and are associated with increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 to estimate CGF prevalence, the risk of infectious diseases associated with CGF, and the disease mortality, morbidity, and overall burden associated with CGF. Methods: In this analysis we estimated the all-cause and cause-specific (diarrhoea, lower respiratory tract infections, malaria, and measles) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost and mortality associated with stunting, wasting, underweight, and CGF in aggregate. We combined the burden associated with mild, moderate, and severe forms of CGF: stunting was defined as height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) less than –1, underweight was defined as weight-for-age Z scores (WAZ) less than –1, and wasting was defined as weight-for-height Z scores (WHZ) less than –1, according to WHO Child Growth Standards. Population-level continuous distributions of HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ were estimated for 2000 to 2023 using data from surveys, literature, and individual-level study data. The risk of incidence of, and mortality due to, diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, malaria, and measles was separately estimated in a meta-regression framework from longitudinal cohort data for Z scores less than –1. Finally, fatal outcomes associated with these diseases were estimated with vital registration, verbal autopsy, and case-fatality data, while non-fatal outcomes were estimated with surveys as well as health-care utilisation and case reporting data. The exposure prevalence and relative risk estimates were from continuous distributions, allowing for direct assessment of the attributable fractions for mild, moderate, and severe stunting, underweight, wasting, and the combined impact of child growth failure within populations. All estimates were age-specific, sex-specific, geography-specific, and year-specific. Findings: We estimated that, in children younger than 5 years in 2023, CGF was associated with 79·4 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 47·0–106) DALYs lost and 880 000 (517 000–1 170 000) deaths. This represented 17·9% (10·6–23·8) of 444 million (434–457) total under-5 DALYs and 18·8% (11·1–25·0) of all 4·67 million (4·59–4·75) under-5 deaths. Compared to stunting (33·0 million [24·1–42·2] DALYs, 373 000 [272 000–477 000] deaths) and wasting (39·2 million [23·8–53·0] DALYs, 428 000 [256 000–583 000] deaths), childhood underweight was associated with the largest share of CGF-related disease burden: 52·2 million (21·9–75·1) DALYs and 573 000 (236 000–824 000) deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2023. Interpretation: CGF remains a leading factor associated with death and disability in children younger than 5 years, despite global attention and focused interventions to reduce the prevalence of associated CGF indicators. Our findings underscore the need for policies, strategies, and interventions that focus on all indicators of CGF to reduce its associated health burden. Funding: Gates Foundation.



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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Medicine, University of Sétif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, University of Sétif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Childrens Hospital, Nanjing, China
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Community Health Department, University of South Wales, South Wales, United Kingdom
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Forlì-Cesena, Italy
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Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
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Midwifery Department, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Dirección de Nutrición, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India
Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Ateneo Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
Demography and Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta city, Egypt
School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana
Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Kafr Elshiekh University, Kafr Elshiekh, Egypt
College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Social Policy and Action, Escola Superior de Saúde do Alcoitão, Alcabideche, Portugal
European Network of Occupational Therapy in Higher Education, Vienna, Austria
Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
MBBS, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Maternal, Child and Adolescent Nutrition Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
Nanyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Mangalore, India
Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh
Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia
International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Cairo, Egypt
School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Research and Publication Department, World Health Organization (WHO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain
UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy
Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Faculty of Graduate Studies, Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
School of Public Health, SRMIST, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Karad, India
Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India
University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Public Health, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia
Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal
Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
Department of Economics, Manipal University, Jaipur, Jaipur, India
Department of Clinical Subjects, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia
School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India
Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India
Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt
Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital in Udaipur India, Udaipur, India
Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia
Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India
Changescape Consulting, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia
Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia
Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Ben

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Public Health Foundation of India
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Houston Methodist Hospital
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European Network of Occupational Therapy in Higher Education
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Kasturba Medical College
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Cairo
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UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences
Shaanxi University of Technology
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Postgraduate Institute of Medicine
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School of Public Health
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The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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Massachusetts General Hospital
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University Centre Varazdin
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Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals
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College of Applied and Natural Science
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Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
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