The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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20 August 2022Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2022#400Issue 10352563 - 591 pp.
Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
E-Learning Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Environmental Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain
Uro-oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Institute for Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Gastroenterology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institution, Isfahan, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health & Community Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Oncology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Research and Development, Satras Biotechnology Company, Tehran, Iran
University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Towsville, QLD, Australia
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Neonatology, Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Heart, Vascular, Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
College of Nursing, International Relations & Diplomacy, Ranya, Iraq
International Relations & Diplomacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Computer Science and Software Engineering Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Neurology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Immunology Research Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Health Policy & Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Public Health, The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Centre for Cancer, Society & Public Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Physiology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
Department of Microbiology, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Surgery, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Greenville, NC, United States
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health of Kuwait, Kuwait, Kuwait
Clinical Virology Unit, Ministry of Health of Kuwait, Kuwait, Kuwait
Department of Family and Occupational Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Deppartment of Health informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Applied Science and Technology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Biochemistry Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Surgical Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Parasitology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Ghana
Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Clinical Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Department of GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Department of Environmental Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Medical Genetics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru
Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Saint Paul, MN, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology
Department of Clinical Hematology and Toxicology
Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Global Health
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Health Informatic Lab
Department of Computer Science
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Education Development Center
E-Learning Center
School of Medicine
Department of Nursing
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Department of Medical Informatics
Clinical Research Development Unit
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Health Policy Research Center
Health Information Management
Department of Epidemiology
Research Center for Health Sciences
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Radiology
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology
Department of Biology
Uro-oncology Research Center
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Experimental Medicine Research Center
Department of Health Policy
National Institute for Health Research
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Department of Pathology
School of Medicine
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Surgery
Ophthalmology Department
Digestive Oncology Research Center
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Children’s Medical Center
Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology
Tehran Heart Center
Department of Medical Immunology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center
Department of Cardiology
Department of Gastroenterology
Cancer Research Center
Cancer Biology Research Center
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Department of Environmental Health
Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Community Nutrition
Cancer Research Center
Obesity Research Center
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Health & Community Medicine
Department of Clinical Oncology
School of Medicine
Student Research Committee
Department of Epidemiology
Faculty of Medicine
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Department of Surgery
Tropical Medicine Department
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center
Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center
Department of Infectious Disease
Department of Public Health
Department of Biomedical Science
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
School of Nursing
Department of Medical Anatomy
Department of Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Department of Comprehensive Nursing
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Public Health
Department of Anatomy
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics
Department of Public Health
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Department of Family and Community Health
Institute of Health Research
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Laboratory Sciences
Research and Development
University of Human Development
Department of Information Technology
Department of Computer Science
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
College of Medicine
Mass Communication Department
Department of Clinical Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Internal Medicine
Centre for Social Research in Health
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE)
School of Population Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
College of Medicine
Department of Neonatology
Faculty of Medicine
Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation
School of Medicine
Department of Oncology
Department of Conservative Dentistry
Department of Population Sciences
Department of Life Sciences
School of Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Heart
The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR)
College of Nursing
International Relations & Diplomacy
School of Pharmacy
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine
Health Information Management and Technology Department
Environmental Health Department
Forensic Medicine Division
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Biosciences
Institute of Public Health
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
Family Medicine Department
Computer Science and Software Engineering Big Data Analytics Center
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Health
Australian Center for Precision Health
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Neurology
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Microbiology
Microbial
Department of Surgery
Immunology Research Center
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Anatomy
Medical Laboratory Sciences
Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology
Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center
Road Traffic Injury Research Center
Department of Health Policy & Management
Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
Student Research Committee
School of Management and Medical Informatics
Medical Education Research Center
Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center
Department of Radiology
Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center
Department of Immunology
Alzahra Teaching Hospital
Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center
Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department
Rumailah Hospital
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center
Department of Public Health
Centre for Cancer
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
Department of Bacteriology
Department of Physiology
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration
Health Economics Research Group
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Erbil Technical Health College
Department of Biological Sciences
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Economics
Department of Internal Medicine
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Department of Health Services Management
Student Research Committee
Department of Physiology
Physiology Research Center
The Five Senses Health Institute
Colorectal Research Center
Trauma and Injury Research Center
Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Department of Medical Virology
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Surgery
Department of Microbiology
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
College of Dental Medicine
Faculty of Dentistry
College of Medicine
Ministry of Health
Department of Surgery
Department of Internal Medicine
Greenville
Institute of Public Health
Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital
Clinical Virology Unit
Department of Family and Occupational Medicine
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
School of Pharmacy
Deppartment of Health informatics
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry
Applied Science and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department
Department of Parasitology
Department of Clinical Biochemistry
Department of Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Internal Medicine
Pharmacy Department
Department of General Surgery
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of Dermatology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences
Department of Biochemistry
Biochemistry Department
Department of Surgical Nursing
Department of Medical Parasitology
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Clinical Midwifery
School of Medicine
Institute of Public Health
Social and Administrative Pharmacy
Department of Hematology and Immunohematology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Public Health
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Surgery
Department of Pathology
School of Community Health
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Public Health
Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Nursing
Department of Paediatrics
University of Malaya Medical Centre
Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management
Boston Children’s Hospital
Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Health Sciences
Department of Maternal and Child Health
Molecular and Cell Biology
Department of Plastic Surgery
Health Science Center
Department of GI Medical Oncology
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
School of Health Science
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Pharmacology
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases
Department of Environmental Health
Cabrini Research
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
Department of Public Health
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Medical Genetics
Science and Technology Unit
Department of Immunology
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
School of Business
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Center for Health Systems Research
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Center for Health System Research
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Department of General Practice
The Judith Lumley Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery
San Martin de Porres University
Department of Midwifery
Department of Laboratory Sciences
Department of Public Health
Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Midwifery
School of Medicine
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Shahroud University of Medical Sciences
Department of Neurovascular Research
Faculty of Medicine
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026