Performance Evaluation of Software Multi-Threshold Decoders for Self-Orthogonal Codes in Modern Broadband Wireless Communication Systems
Tashatov N. Ovechkin G. Sailaukyzy Z. Egamberdiyev E. Satybaldina D. Danenova G. Khassenova Z.
29 November 2025Science and Information Organization
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications
2025#16Issue 11314 - 327 pp.
5G and Internet of Things (IoT) wireless systems face challenges to reliable data transmission due to multipath fading, intersymbol interference, and the need for low-complexity Forward Error Correction (FEC). Conventional FEC techniques, such as Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) and turbo codes, provide high reliability but are unsuitable for resource-constrained IoT devices due to high decoding complexity. The aim of this study is to evaluate Multi-Threshold Decoders (MTDs) applied to Self-Orthogonal Codes (SOCs) as a low-complexity FEC solution in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems with Space–Time Coding (STC). The systems are modeled under ITU-R (Outdoor A, TU6, RA6) and 3GPP Spatial Channel Model (Urban Macro/Micro) fading environments and compared with LDPC (WiMAX, DVB-S2) and turbo codes in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), decoder complexity, antenna diversity, modulation order, and throughput. Results indicate that SOC+MTD outperform short LDPC and turbo codes under deep fading while achieving reliability comparable to long LDPC codes at significantly lower decoding complexity. Min-sum refinement and approximate Maximum-Likelihood (ML) detection provide up to 2 dB additional SNR gain, and 1×3 antenna diversity reduces required Eb/N0 by ~7 dB at BER = 10-5. Higher-order modulations such as 8PSK and 16APSK achieve 1.5–2× higher bit rates with moderate SNR penalties, while Open Computing Language (OpenCL) based Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) acceleration enables a 32-fold increase in simulation speed. These findings demonstrate that SOCs decoded with MTD represent a promising low-complexity, high-reliability FEC approach for 5G and IoT physical layers.
Bit Error Rate , fading channels , Forward Error Correction , GPU acceleration , LDPC , Multi-Threshold Decoder , Multiple Input Multiple Output , OpenCL , Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing , Self-Orthogonal Codes , signal-to-noise ratio , space–time coding , turbo codes
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Research Institute of Information Security and Cryptology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Information Technologies, Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
School of Digital Technology and Artificial Intelligence, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Research Institute of Information Security and Cryptology
Department of Information Technologies
School of Digital Technology and Artificial Intelligence
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