Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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April 2024Elsevier Ltd
The Lancet Neurology
2024#23Issue 4344 - 381 pp.
Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimers disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Data and Analytics, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Antai College of Economics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophtalmic Reserch Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Immunology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Medicine Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Iran
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iran
School of Pharmacy, United Kingdom
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Iran
Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Iran
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Iran
Department of Health Information Management, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
Neurosicence Institute, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Iran
Department of Scientific Research, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Iran
Neurology Department of Shariati Hospital, Iran
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Iran
Urology Research Center, Iran
Immunology Department, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center, Iran
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Iran
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
National Institute for Health Research, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Iran
Department of Physiotherapy, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Iran
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iran
Sina Trauma Research Center, Iran
Department of Neurology, Iran
Department of Medicine, Iran
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Iran
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Iran
Department of Pathology, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Neuromodulation and Pain Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Research Consultation Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Physical Therapy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
National Research Council of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Clinical Sciences Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Psychiatry Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Pharmacy, University of Muhammadiyah Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Sociology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Neuroscience, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Geography and Planning, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Labanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Neuroscience Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
University Department of Rural Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Computer Science, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Public Health, Greenville, NC, United States
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
National Malaria Elimination Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Medical Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Medical Entomology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Clinical Research Support Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Miki-cho, Japan
Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Faculty of Nursing, Isra University- Jordan, Amman, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Childrens Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Global Health Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
School of Medical Laboratory, Module of Microbiology and Parasitology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
CIRBSc, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran
Endocrine Research Center, Iran
Eye Research Center, Iran
Neuro Musculoskeletal Research Center, Iran
Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Iran
Department of Neuroscience, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Iran
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Iran
Colorectal Research Center, Iran
Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Prosthodontics, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, United Kingdom
Department of Neurosurgery, United Kingdom
Global Health Governance Programme, United Kingdom
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, United Kingdom
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk Univeristy, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Medicine Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Neurological Surgery
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Neurology
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Department of Global Health
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Health Systems and Population Health
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use
Department of Data and Analytics
Center for Economic and Social Research
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
Department of Radiology
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Antai College of Economics
Shanghai Mental Health Center
Infectious and Tropical Research Center
Department of Radiology
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Immunology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
Drug Applied Research Center
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Pediatrics
TH Chan School of Public Health
Center for Primary Care
Harvard Business School
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Biotechnology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Department of Hematology and Blood Banking
Neurology Department
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Department of Medical Genetics
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services
Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
Obesity Research Center
Urology and Nephrology Research Center
Ophtalmic Reserch Centre
Department of Immunology
Virtual School of Medical Education and Management
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center
Department of Neurosurgery
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Genetics
School of Medicine
Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences
Immunology Department
Department of Anesthesiology
Ophthalmic Research Center
Emergency Department
Department of Medical Education
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center
Skin Research Center
Medicine Faculty
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Hematology
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network
Department of Health Information Management
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Neurosicence Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Pediatric Neurology
Department of Scientific Research
Department of Neurosurgery
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Neurology Department of Shariati Hospital
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters
Urology Research Center
Immunology Department
Students Scientific Research Center
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Childrens Medical Center
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Faculty of Medicine
National Institute for Health Research
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Sina Trauma Research Center
Department of Neurology
Department of Medicine
Department of Pharmaceutical Care
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs
Department of Pathology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Surgery
School of Medicine
Health Policy Research Center
Epilepsy Research Center
Student Research Committee
Department of Otolaryngology
Department of Neurosurgery
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center
Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
Trauma Research Center
Neuromodulation and Pain Center
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Research Consultation Center
Department of Physical Therapy
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Evidence-Based Practice Center
Department of Radiology
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Physiotherapy
Community Medicine Department
Department of Nursing Science
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Public Health Sciences
Biocomplexity Institute
Postgraduate Department
National Research Council of Mexico
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
Institute of Health Research
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
Department of Cardiology
University of Limoges
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Neurology
Neurophysiology Department
Clinical Sciences Department
Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Clinical Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
College of Medicine
Clinical Sciences
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
University of Sharjah
Department of Therapeutics
Institute of Public Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Family Medicine Department
Big Data Analytics Center
College of Pharmacy
Department of Human Anatomy
Centre for Social Research in Health
St George and Sutherland Clinical School
School of Population Health
School of Medicine
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
College of Medicine
Psychiatry Department
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Department of Pharmacy
Faculty of Medicine
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Department of Microbiology
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School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health
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College of Medicine
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Kerman Neuroscience Research Center
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Health Research Institute
Public Health Foundation of India
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Institute of Endemic Diseases
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Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
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Australian Center for Precision Health
University Department of Rural Health
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Brody School of Medicine
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East Carolina University
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National Malaria Elimination Program
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Education Development Center
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Clinical Research Support Center
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Heidelberg Institute of Global Health
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Community and Mental Health Department
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Heart Center
Global Health Entrepreneurship
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Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
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Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
College of Nursing
Psychological Sciences Association
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Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration
School of Medical Laboratory
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CIRBSc
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology
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School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
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Department of Medicine
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
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Addictology Department
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Endocrine Research Center
Eye Research Center
Neuro Musculoskeletal Research Center
Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Anesthesiology
The Biotechnology Centre
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Department of Epidemiology
Colorectal Research Center
Trauma and Injury Research Center
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Public Health
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Department of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Neurology
College of Medicine
Ministry of Health
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Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry
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Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences
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Global Health Governance Programme
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
University of Edinburgh
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Medicine Department
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
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Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
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Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Public Health
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Department of Radiology
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Health Policy and Management
Division of Cardiology
Department of International Health
Medicine
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Sociology
Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production
Department of Sociology
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cardiology Department
Ophthalmology Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Dermatology
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth
Department of Urology
School of Public Health
Queensland Brain Institute
Faculty of Medicine
Neurology Department
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
School of Veterinary Science
Department of Medicine
Department of Child Neurology
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Surgical Oncology
Department of Pharmacology and Research
Department of Community Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Health Promotion
Department of Pathology
College of Pharmacy
College of Art and Science
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
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