social work–based engagement into a precision tool for governance optimization across urban–rural, gender, and generational divides. © 2025 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


10.1371/journal.pone.0337520

202512 December

20
#a ! Zhang X. ! | b ! Burkhanova D. ! | a ! Yang Y. ! | c ! Tian J. ! tianjingwei21@mails.jlu.edu.cnIssue a ! AL-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan | b ! Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan | c ! College of Philosophy and Sociology Jilin University, Chang Chun, China

December 2025

PLOS ONE

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