Sorption-spectrophotometric determination of bismuth ion (III) using immobilised xylenol orange on modified polyacrylonitrile
Smanova Z. Normatov B. Ahmadjonov U. Rakhimov S. Shodmonov B. Berdimurodov E. B Wan Nik W.M.N. Eliboev I. Ziyayeva G.K. Baigenzhenov O. Hosseini-Bandegharaei A.
2025Taylor and Francis Ltd.
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
2025#105Issue 175859 - 5879 pp.
This study presents a new sorption-spectrophotometric method for determining bismuth (III) ions using a new adsorbent for PPM-1 fibre immobilised with xylenol orange. The complex exhibited a maximum reflectance at 550 nm and absorption at 530 nm, indicating stable formation. The method demonstrated high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.1 µg/mL and high selectivity, minimising interference from other metal ions. Optimal pH for complex formation was 1.37, with faster response and higher sensitivity in the immobilised state (detection limit 0.12 µg/mL, formation time 10 minutes). The complex adhered to the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law within 3–42 µg/25 mL. Interferences from Cu2+, Ag+, Pd2+, and Fe3+ were reduced when the reagent was immobilised. Conductometric analysis confirmed the stable formation of the complex. Validation using model mixtures and pharmaceutical preparations showed accurate bismuth determination with an error margin of 0.005. For example, a mixture containing 25 µg of bismuth with zinc and cadmium yielded 25.20 µg, and De-nol had a found content of 49.50 µg for 50.00 µg added. IR spectroscopy confirmed complex formation with significant shifts in absorption bands. SEM and EDS analysis validated the reagent’s effective immobilisation and interaction with bismuth ions. The method provides a rapid, accurate, and environmentally friendly approach for bismuth analysis, demonstrating high reproducibility, sensitivity, and selectivity, suitable for environmental monitoring and pharmaceutical quality control.
bismuth determination , extractant-impregnated polymer , immobilized xylenol orange , quality control , Sorption-spectrophotometry
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Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Faculty of Chemistry–Biology, Karshi State University, Karshi City, Uzbekistan
Faculty of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Substances, Tashkent Chemical-Technological Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Physics and Chemistry, ‘Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers’ National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Department of Physical Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute, Samarqand, Uzbekistan
Department of Computer Engineering, University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Physics and Chemistry, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Department of Applied Biology, Taraz Regional University Named After M. Dulaty, Taraz, Kazakhstan
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India
Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
Faculty of Chemistry
Faculty of Chemistry–Biology
Faculty of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Substances
Chemical & Materials Engineering
Physics and Chemistry
Department of Physical Chemistry
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Department of Computer Engineering
Physics and Chemistry
Department of Applied Biology
Department of Metallurgical Engineering
Faculty of Chemistry
Department of Sustainable Engineering
Centre of Research Impact and Outcome
University Centre for Research & Development
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