Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Sirota S.B. Dominguez R.-M.V. Bender R.G. Vongpradith A. Albertson S.B. Novotney A. Burkart K. Carter A. Chung E. Dai X. Flor L.S. Lim S.S. Mestrovic T. Mokdad A.H. Mougin V. Pasovic M. Pigott D.M. Rafferty Q. Schumacher A.E. Aravkin A.Y. Kassebaum N.J. Naghavi M. Vos T. Hay S.I. Murray C.J.L. Kyu H.H. Sartorius B. Kochhar S. Krishnamoorthy V. Zia H. Doxey M.C. Goldust M. Liu X. Pawar S. Abdi P. Abdoun M. Abebe A.M. Taye B. Abegaz K.H. Mohammed M. Aboagye R.G. Adzigbli L.A. Alhassan R.K. Amu H. Orish V.N. Abolhassani H. Rezaei N. Bastan M. Mousavi P. Rashidi M. Rezaei N. Behnoush A. Khalaji A. Merati M. Chichagi F. Dadras O. Dashtkoohi M. Hadei M. Rad E.M. Najafi M. Rahimi-Movaghar V. SeyedAlinaghi S. Shafie M. Sharifan A. Vahabi S. Abreu L. Prates E.J.S. Abualruz H. Abu-Gharbieh E. Bustanji Y. Sallam M. Barqawi H.J. Dash N.R. Halwani R. Ramadan M.M. Sharif-Askari N.S. Talaat I.M. Alzoubi K.H. Saddik B.A. Saleh M.A. Sharif-Askari F.S. Soliman S.S.M. Aburuz S. Al-Rifai R.H. Khan G. Adane M.M. Bogale E.K. Addo I.Y. Adekanmbi V. Lee W. Adnani Q. Postma M.J. Afzal M.S. Afzal S. Ahinkorah B.O. Liu G. Tran N. Ahmad S. Ahmed A. Siddig E.E. Ahmed H. Ahmed S. Bodunrin A.O. Tumurkhuu M. Akinosoglou K. Akkaif M. Awaidy S.A. Alalalmeh S.O. Hegazi O.E. Zyoud S.H. Albashtawy M. AlBataineh M.T. Al-Gheethi A.A.S. Alhalaiqa F.N. Mohammed M. Perianayagam A. Ali A. Ali L. Qazi A.S. Ali M.U. Isa M.A. Khan M.N. Ali S.S. Suleman M. Ali W. Almazan J.U. Poddighe D. Alqahtani J.S. Alrawashdeh A. Alshahrani N.Z. Altartoor K. Thirunavukkarasu S. Al-Tawfiq J.A. Alvis-Guzman N. Al-Worafi Y.M. Aly H. Goyal A. Aly S. Natto Z.S. Olanipekun T.O. Sheikh A. Al-Zyoud W.A. Amhare A. Hayat K. Amusa G.A. Anil A. Singh S. Bhardwaj P. Gupta R. Krishna H. Mehta B. Saravanan A. Anvari S. Rahmanian N. Anyabolo E.E. Arabloo J. Dorostkar F. Hasani H. Behnagh A.K. Khamesipour F. Latifinaibin K. Arafat M. El-Dahiyat F. Areda D. Aregawi B.B. Gebregergis M.W. Meles H.N. Weldetinsaa H.L. Aremu A. Odetokun I.A. 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Demessa B.H. Demis A.B. Mohamed A.I. Devanbu V. Devegowda D. Dhama K. Dhulipala V.R. Vinayak M. Diaz D. Do T.C. Do T.H. Dodangeh M. Dsouza A.C. Sathyanarayan A. Dsouza H.L. Holla R. Rao M. Vaishali K. Rao I. Duraisamy S. Durojaiye O.C. Yadollahpour A. Dziedzic A.M. Ed-Dra A. Ekholuenetale M. Ekundayo T.C. Udoakang A.J. Sayed I.E. Elhadi M. Elshaer M. Eslami M. Eze U.A. Simpson C.R. Fagbamigbe A.F. Ibitoye S. Okekunle A.P. Olufadewa I.I. Kurmi O.P. Faramarzi A. Pourbabaki R. Fasina F.O. Ferreira N. Fischer F. Fitriana I. Gaihre S. Gajdács M. Galehdar N. Ganiyani M. Gebremeskel T.G. Naik G.R. Shorofi S. Getahun G.K. Getie M. Ghadiri K. Goleij P. Golechha M. Gorini G. Guan S. Zhai C. Guarducci G. Gudeta M.D. Gupta S. Gupta V. Gupta V.K. Peprah P. Hadi N.R. Nguyen D.H. Kim M. Hamidi S. Hammoud A. Hanna F. Haq Z.A. Haque M. Hasan S. Hasnain M.S. Haubold J. Schaarschmidt B.M. Hezam K. Hoogar P. Horita N. Hostiuc M. Huynh H. Minh L. Ilesanmi O.S. Salami A.A. Ilic M.D. Imam M. Malik I. 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Nwatah V.E. Okonji O.C. Okwute P.G. Olusanya B.O. Omer G.L. Onyedibe K.I. Ordak M. Zielińska M. Ortiz-Prado E. Otstavnov N. Padukudru M.A.P. Pandey A. Pantazopoulos I. Pardhan S. Parija P.P. Parikh R.R. Park S. Ramasamy S. Parthasarathi A. Patil S. Tovani-Palone M. Perumal D. Petcu I. Pham H. Philip A.K. Piracha Z.Z. Puvvula J. Ramesh P.S. Qian G. Rahim F. Rahman M. Rahman M.A. Rahmanian V. Rahmati M. Rajput P. Rao S. Rathish D. Wickramasinghe N.D. Ravikumar N. Redwan E.M.M. Reyes L.F. Rezahosseini O. Rodriguez J.A.B. Roy P. Ruela G.D. Saeb M. Saeed U. Sahu M. Sakshaug J.W. Salam N. Samodra Y.L. Sanjeev R.K. Saulam J. Saya G. Sedighi M. Sendekie A.K. Senthilkumaran S. Sethi Y. Shaikh M.A. Sham S. Shamshirgaran M. Sharifi-Rad J. Shastry R.P. Shigematsu M. Shiri R. Shittu A. Shiue I. Singh J.A. Szarpak L. Singh P. Sinto R. Solanki R. Abdulkader R.S. Swain C. Taha Z.M. Taiba J. Tamuzi J.L. Tefera Y.M. Terefa D.R. Thakur R. Tichopad A. Ticoalu J.H.V. Tran N.M. Duc N.T.M. Tsegay G.M. Upadhyay E. Vaithinathan A.G. Valizadeh R. Vasankari T.J. Waqas M. Yaghoubi S. Yezli S. Yin D. Yon D. Yonemoto N. Zakham F. Zare I. Zarimeidani F. Zastrozhin M. Zhao Y. Zhou J. Zoladl M.
January 2025 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2025 #25 Issue 1 36 - 51 pp.

Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to explore the fatal and non-fatal burden of the two diseases across all age groups, including a granular analysis of children younger than 5 years, in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Mortality due to URIs and otitis media was estimated with use of vital registration and sample-based vital registration data, which are used as inputs to the Cause of Death Ensemble model to separately model URIs and otitis media mortality by age and sex. Morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian meta-regression tool using data from published studies identified via systematic reviews, population-based survey data, and cause-specific URI and otitis media mortality estimates. Additionally, we assessed and compared the burden of otitis media as it relates to URIs and examined the collective burden and contributing risk factors of both diseases. Findings: The global number of new episodes of URIs was 12·8 billion (95% uncertainty interval 11·4 to 14·5) for all ages across males and females in 2021. The global all-age incidence rate of URIs decreased by 10·1% (-12·0 to -8·1) from 1990 to 2019. From 2019 to 2021, the global all-age incidence rate fell by 0·5% (-0·8 to -0·1). Globally, the incidence rate of URIs was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0 to 183 289·4) in 2021, a decrease of 10·5% (-12·4 to -8·4) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 181 552·5 per 100 000 population (160 827·4 to 206 214·7). The highest incidence rates of URIs were seen in children younger than 2 years in 2021, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 5-9 years. The number of new episodes of otitis media globally for all ages was 391 million (292 to 525) in 2021. The global incidence rate of otitis media was 4958·9 per 100 000 (3705·4 to 6658·6) in 2021, a decrease of 16·3% (-18·1 to -14·0) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 5925·5 per 100 000 (4371·8 to 8097·9). The incidence rate of otitis media in 2021 was highest in children younger than 2 years, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 2-4 years. The mortality rate of URIs in 2021 was 0·2 per 100 000 (0·1 to 0·5), a decrease of 64·2% (-84·6 to -43·4) from 1990, when the mortality rate was 0·7 per 100 000 (0·2 to 1·1). In both 1990 and 2021, the mortality rate of otitis media was less than 0·1 per 100 000. Together, the combined burden accounted for by URIs and otitis media in 2021 was 6·86 million (4·24 to 10·4) years lived with disability and 8·16 million (4·99 to 12·0) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all ages across males and females. Globally, the all-age DALY rate of URIs and otitis media combined in 2021 was 103 per 100 000 (63 to 152). Infants aged 1-5 months had the highest combined DALY rate in 2021 (647 per 100 000 [189 to 1412]), followed by early neonates (aged 0-6 days; 582 per 100 000 [176 to 1297]) and late neonates (aged 7-24 days; 482 per 100 000 [161 to 1052]). Interpretation: The findings of this study highlight the widespread burden posed by URIs and otitis media across all age groups and both sexes. There is a continued need for surveillance, prevention, and management to better understand and reduce the burden associated with URIs and otitis media, and research is needed to assess their impacts on individuals, communities, economies, and health-care systems worldwide. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Urban Indian Health Institute, Seattle Indian Health Board, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. Johns, NL, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
Pediatrics Nursing Department, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Biostatistics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
The Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Otolaryngology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Inflammatory Lung Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Operations Department, Breast Without Spot, Enugu, Nigeria
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Nursing, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Montefiore-Einstein Cerebrovascular Research Lab, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Orthodontics Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Endodontics Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease (PPNCD), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Vice Chancellery of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department for Clinical Pharmacology, University Children Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
IT Department, Coforge, GA, United States
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU, & Sepsis Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy
Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
USAID-JSI Digital Health Activity, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
Department of Biostatistics, Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Clinical Pharmacy Program, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semnan, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria
Postgraduate School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
Department of Pharmacology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Faculty of Paramedicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
Department of Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Public Health, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India
Tabriz, Iran
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Microbiology, Taiz University

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Global Health
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Applied Mathematics
Urban Indian Health Institute
School of Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
Department of Genetics
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Pediatrics Nursing Department
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Institute of Health Research
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Scientific Research
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Tehran Heart Center
Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Department of Neurology
Sina Hospital
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the School of Dentistry
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pathology
Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Department of Therapeutics
Institute of Public Health
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
College of Pharmacy
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
The Department of Family Medicine
Department of Public Health
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
School of Life Sciences
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Computer Science
Department of Physiology
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Cardiology
Department of Communicable Diseases
Middle East
Department of Clinical Sciences
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
Department of Community and Mental Health
Faculty of Medicine
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
College of Nursing
QU Health
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
Psychological Sciences Association
Department of Zoology
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Microbiology
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Geography
Department of Medicine
Department of Respiratory Care
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Otolaryngology Department
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Internal Medicine
Lerner Research Institute
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Anatomy
Department of Physiology
Department of Pharmacology and Research
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Regenerative Medicine
Inflammatory Lung Diseases Research Center
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Operations Department
Health Management and Economics Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Ophthalmology
Endocrine Research Center
Department of Echocardiography
Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Department of Anesthesiology
College of Pharmacy
AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Immunology
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Nursing
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine
Montefiore-Einstein Cerebrovascular Research Lab
Faculty of Medicine
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Biostatistics
Orthodontics Department
Endodontics Department
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Department of Medical Informatics
Clinial Research Development Unit
School of Medicine
Heart Failure Research Center
Neuroscience Research Center
Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease (PPNCD)
Vice Chancellery of Health
International Medical School
Department of Pharmacology
Faculty of Medicine
School of Public Health and Health Management
Department for Clinical Pharmacology
Division of Biological Sciences
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Miami Cancer Institute
Department of Medical Education
School of Public Health
IT Department
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center
Division of Pulmonary
College of Medicine
Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Biomedical Sciences
National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of General Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Pharmacy
Faculty of Health Sciences
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Radiology
Department of International Health
Johns Hopkins University
Internal Medicine Department
Obesity Research Center
Student Research Committee
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Health
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
HCAI
Department of Infection
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health
Global Health Research Institute
Department of Internal Medicine
Board of Directors
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical
Public Health Unit
College of Public Health
Department of Public Health
State Disease Investigation Laboratory
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Paediatrics
Division of Infectious Diseases
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S)
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Community Medicine
Division of Women and Child Health
Immunology Research Center
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Cardiovascular Research Center
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Medical College
USAID-JSI Digital Health Activity
Department of Nursing
School of Nursing
Institute of Health Science
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry
Division of Pathology
The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute
Department of Cardiology
Faculty of Science
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Medicine
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kasturba Medical College Mangalore
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Nephrology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Faculty of Science and Humanities
Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine
Department of Psychology
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Higher School of Technology
Faculty of Science and Health
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department
Department of Pathology
Clinical Pharmacy Program
Faculty of Medicine
Houston Methodist Hospital
Department of Clinical Pathology
Department of Cardiology
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Bacteriology and Virology
Cancer Research Center
Department of Ophthalmology
Postgraduate School
Centre for Medical Informatics
Usher Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Department of Health Promotion and Education
College of Medicine
Faculty of Public Health
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Student Research Committee
Department of Otolaryngology
Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering
Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases
Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES)
Department of Social Sciences
Institute of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Institute of Applied Health Sciences
Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research
Faculty of Paramedicine
Department of General Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Reproductive and Family Health
College of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Infectious Disease Research Center
Pediatric Department
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)
Department of Health Systems and Policy Research
Department of Genetics
Oncological Network
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Post Graduate School of Public Health
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Toxicology
School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences
Australian Institute of Health Innovation
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine
Department of Radiology
Division of Cardiology
Massachusetts General Hospital
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology
Department of Health and Education
The Warren Alpert Medical School
Department of Population Sciences
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Public Health
Department of Pharmacy
Tabriz
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Microbiology

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