The Last Nomads of Eurasia: the Loss of the Prestige of the Supreme Power and the Crisis of the Kazakh Statehood (on the Example of the Junior Horde)
Последние кочевники Евразии: потеря престижа верховной власти и кризис казахской государственности (на примере Младшего жуза)
Shotanova G.А. Uzhkenov E.M. Tabynbaeva Z.S. Arеpova A.D.
December 2023Cherkas Global University Press
Bylye Gody
2023#18Issue 41630 - 1642 pp.
The article discusses the main causes of the crisis of sovereignty of the Kazakhs of the Junior Zhuz, which subsequently led to the loss of independence, first in Western Kazakhstan, and later in other parts. The causes themselves of the crisis of the khans power were sown deep within nomadic state, where, despite the right of primogeniture and the time-honored dynastic tradition, nevertheless, the strong positions of the steppe aristocracy remained, and not only among the representatives of the “white bone”, but also the nomadic nobility from among the “black bone”. To the external reasons for the elimination of statehood among the Kazakhs, internal reasons were added, expressed not only in the intensification of internecine struggle, but also the general economic decline of the entire Central Asian region, associated with the consequences of the Dzungarian invasion and the crisis of urban culture. In fact, the Kazakh state at the beginning of the 18th century was the last state of Eurasia, where the nomadic economy fully dominated over other forms of life. Although Kazakh society traditionally belongs to the types of economy that did not depend so much on trade with settled centers, nevertheless, the decline of urban culture in the south led to increased contacts with the Russian Empire in the west, north and east of the country, which in turn affected the strengthening of economic dependence on the Russian market. The elimination of the traditional khan status led to various difficulties in the further development of the conservative Kazakh society. The combined internal, external, economic and cultural reasons led to a decline in the prestige of the supreme power, and as a consequence, its abolition by the imperial administration. That is why the authors made an attempt to restore the picture of the external and internal situation in the Kazakh Steppe after the death of the last universal Kazakh khan and analyze the causes of the decline of the Kazakh state. Previously, there were numerous attempts by scientists to restore the realities of the political life of the Kazakh khanate, which from the 30s of the XVIII century began to feel new hardships of the situation that had developed by this period, however, these studies were mainly based on the previous, earlier established approaches and, as a rule, did not take into account the mentality, folklore sources and other previously unused approaches, which could not but affect the distortion of historical reality. Therefore, the authors in this article have tried to restore the general historical background of the collapse of the last nomadic state of the Eurasian steppes. Copyright
abolition of power , Abylai , Abylkhair , Cossacks , Dzungarian Khanate , Dzungars , Kalmyks , Kazakh Steppe , protests , steppe aristocracy
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Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
R.В. Suleimenov Institute of Oriental Studies, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology
R.В. Suleimenov Institute of Oriental Studies
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
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