Anemia and obesity as a risk factor during pregnancy: A retrospective study
Shayik N.R. Zhumakozhanova M.Ya. Isabekova D.M. Ismailova K.K. Amirbekova Z.T.
1 July 2025Kaz Med Print LLP
Reproductive Medicine (Central Asia)
2025#2025Issue 2119 - 125 pp.
Relevance: In recent years, obesity and anemia have become two of the most common pathologies during pregnancy, with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. The World Health Organization reports obesity in 15-20% pregnant women worldwide. Anemia is diagnosed in approximately 38% of pregnant women, reaching 50% in low-and middle-income countries. In CIS countries, up to 25% of pregnant women have obesity, while 30-40% experience anemia during gestation. The study aimed to investigate the impact of obesity and anemia on the course of pregnancy and childbirth, including the risks of preterm birth, preeclampsia, macrosomia, and anemia in newborns. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Regional Perinatal Center No.2 in Karaganda (Kazakhstan). The sample consisted of 500 pregnant women observed between 2023 and 2024. Of these, 150 women were obese, 200 were anemic, and 50 were both. The control group consisted of 100 women not presenting the above risk factors. The data for the study were collected from medical records, which included information on the course of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Results: In this study, anemia was the most common risk factor (40% of the examined women), followed by obesity (30%). Only 20% of women were neither obese nor anemic, indicating a fairly high prevalence of these conditions in the general population. The combination of obesity and anemia (10% of patients) required special attention to this group with an increased risk of complicated pregnancy and unfavorable perinatal outcomes. Anemia increased the risk of preterm delivery almost twofold. Obesity increased the likelihood of cesarean section by 2.8 times and was also associated with fetal macrosomia. The combination of anemia and obesity increased the risk of preeclampsia by 4 times. Conclusions: Obesity and anemia are significant risk factors in pregnancy that can lead to serious complications for the mother and fetus. Regular monitoring, early diagnosis, and effective treatment of these conditions will reduce the likelihood of adverse outcomes and improve the quality of medical care for pregnant women.
anemia , cesarean section , macrosomia , obesity , pregnancy , pregnancy outcomes , risk factors
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Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Department of Obstetrics
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