Emerging Trends in Neuroblastoma Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Research

Sharma R. Yadav J. Bhat S.A. Musayev A. Myrzagulova S. Sharma D. Padha N. Saini M. Tuli H.S. Singh T.
May 2025 Springer

Molecular Neurobiology
2025 #62 Issue 5 6423 - 6466 pp.

This review explores the current understanding and recent advancements in neuroblastoma, one of the most common extracranial solid pediatric cancers, accounting for ~ 15% of childhood cancer-related mortality. The hallmarks of NBL, including angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis resistance, cell cycle dysregulation, drug resistance, and responses to hypoxia and ROS, underscore its complex biology. The tumor microenvironment’s significance in disease progression is acknowledged in this study, along with the pivotal role of cancer stem cells in sustaining tumor growth and heterogeneity. A number of molecular signatures are being studied in order to better understand the disease, with many of them serving as targets for the development of new therapeutics. This includes inhibitor therapies for NBL patients, which notably concentrate on ALK signaling, MDM2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt, and RAS-MAPK pathways, along with regulators of epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, this study offers an extensive understanding of the molecular therapies used, such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T therapy, focused on both preclinical and clinical studies. Radiation therapy’s evolving role and the promise of stem cell transplantation-mediated interventions underscore the dynamic landscape of NBL treatment. This study has also emphasized the recent progress in the field of diagnosis, encompassing the adoption of artificial intelligence and liquid biopsy as a non-intrusive approach for early detection and ongoing monitoring of NBL. Furthermore, the integration of innovative treatment approaches such as CRISPR-Cas9, and cancer stem cell therapy has also been emphasized in this review.

Epigenetics , Hallmarks , Liquid biopsy , Neuroblastoma , Tumor microenvironment

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Translational Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, Delhi University, New Delhi, 110007, India
Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University, Haryana, 122412, India
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Zoology, Cluster University of Jammu, Jammu, 180001, India
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Haryana, Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, (INMAS-DRDO), Delhi, New Delhi, 110054, India
Department of Biochemistry, NIMS University, Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303121, India

Translational Oncology Laboratory
Amity Stem Cell Institute
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
Department of Zoology
Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology
Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Biochemistry

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