Consumption Trends of Antifungal and Antiprotozoal Agents for Human Systemic Use in Kazakhstan from 2017 to 2023
Semenova Y. Kussainova A. Kassym L. Aimurziyeva A. Semenov D. Lim L.
September 2024Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Antibiotics
2024#13Issue 9
Background/Objectives: While multiple studies have investigated antibiotic consumption rates, there are few studies on the consumption of systemic antifungals and antiprotozoals. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of nationwide consumption trends in Kazakhstan over a seven-year period (2017–2023). Methods: Defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day were calculated for systemic antifungals (J02 code of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC)) and antiprotozoals (P01 code of the ATC). Time series analyses were applied to examine historical trends, evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and make future projections until 2030. Results: The total consumption increased over the study period, with an average annual percent change of 1.11% for antifungals and 5.48% for antiprotozoals. Fluconazole was the most consumed antifungal agent, whereas metronidazole was the most consumed antiprotozoal agent. The COVID-19 pandemic had a positive but insignificant effect on the consumption of antifungals and a negative and also insignificant effect on the consumption of antiprotozoals. Forecast modeling indicates that the future trends in antifungal and antiprotozoal consumption until 2030 will largely remain stable, with the exception of antiprotozoal consumption in the hospital sector, which is projected to decline. Conclusions: These findings offer valuable insights into the development and implementation of targeted antimicrobial stewardship programs in Kazakhstan.
antifungal agents , antimicrobial stewardship , antiprotozoal agents , consumption , Kazakhstan , time series
Text of the article Перейти на текст статьи
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of General Practice with a Course of Evidence-Based Medicine, NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Computer Science and Engineering Program, Astana IT University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
School of Medicine
Department of General Practice with a Course of Evidence-Based Medicine
School of Sciences and Humanities
Computer Science and Engineering Program
Graduate School of Public Policy
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026