Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Graphene Nanomaterials by Chemical Activation with KOH
Seitzhanova M. Kudyarova Z. Rakhimova B. Tugelbayeva L. Tauanov Z.
December 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2025#26Issue 23
This work introduces an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective strategy for synthesizing graphene nanomaterials from agricultural residues—walnut shells and apricot stones. The synthesis pathway combines desilication, controlled pre-carbonization, chemical activation with KOH, and mild exfoliation to produce few-layer graphene with a high degree of structural order. The process, conducted at 523–573 K for pre-carbonization and 1123 K for activation, enables the formation of graphene sheets with a specific surface area of approximately 1300 m2/g, carbon content of 80–90%, and average pore diameter below 100 nm. The materials were comprehensively characterized using SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analysis. Raman spectra revealed an IG/I2D ratio of ~1.5–2 a.u., confirming the presence of 4–5 graphene layers. Compared to conventional biomass-derived graphene routes, the developed approach ensures enhanced porosity, higher graphitic ordering, and improved purity, demonstrating its strong potential for energy storage, adsorptive purification, and environmentally benign nanotechnology applications.
biomass , carbonization , graphene , nanolayer , nanomaterials
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Department of Chemical Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty, 050059, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemistry, Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, St. Gogol, 114 k1, Almaty, 090000, Kazakhstan
Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, B. Sattarkhanov, Avenue 29, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemical Physics and Materials Science
Department of Chemistry
Ecology Research Institute
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