The DRAGON-II simulations – III. Compact binary mergers in clusters with up to 1 million stars: mass, spin, eccentricity, merger rate, and pair instability supernovae rate
Sedda M.A. Kamlah A.W.H. Spurzem R. Rizzuto F.P. Giersz M. Naab T. Berczik P.
1 March 2024Oxford University Press
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2024#528Issue 35140 - 5159 pp.
Compact binary mergers forming in star clusters may exhibit distinctive features that can be used to identify them among observed gravitational-wave sources. Such features likely depend on the host cluster structure and the physics of massive star evolution. Here, we dissect the population of compact binary mergers in the DRAGON-II simulation data base, a suite of 19 direct N-body models representing dense star clusters with up to 106 stars and < 33 per cent of stars in primordial binaries. We find a substantial population of black hole binary (BBH) mergers, some of them involving an intermediate-mass BH (IMBH), and a handful mergers involving a stellar BH and either a neutron star (NS) or a white dwarf (WD). Primordial binary mergers, ∼ 30 per cent of the whole population, dominate ejected mergers. Dynamical mergers, instead, dominate the population of in-cluster mergers and are systematically heavier than primordial ones. Around 20 per cent of DRAGON-II mergers are eccentric in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) band and 5 per cent in the LIGO band. We infer a mean cosmic merger rate of R ∼ 30(4.4)(1.2) yr−1 Gpc−3 for BBHs, NS–BH, and WD–BH binary mergers, respectively, and discuss the prospects for multimessenger detection of WD–BH binaries with LISA. We model the rate of pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) in star clusters and find that surveys with a limiting magnitude mbol = 25 can detect ∼1–15 yr−1 PISNe. Comparing these estimates with future observations could help to pin down the impact of massive star evolution on the mass spectrum of compact stellar objects in star clusters.
galaxies: star clusters: general , methods: numerical , stars: black holes , stars: general
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Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, I-67100, Italy
Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, University of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, Padova, I-35122, Italy
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, AQ, L’Aquila, I-67100, Italy
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via M. Maggini snc, Teramo, I-64100, Italy
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, D-69117, Germany
National Astronomical Observatories, Key Laboratory of Computational Astrophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Lu 5, Haidian Qu, Beijing, 100871, China
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Höllströmin katu 2, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, Warsaw, PL-00-716, Poland
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 1, Garching, D-85740, Germany
Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 27 Akademika Zabolotnoho St, Kyiv, UA-03680, Ukraine
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute, Observatory 23, Almaty, 050020, Kazakhstan
Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)
Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut
INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
National Astronomical Observatories
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Department of Physics
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
Main Astronomical Observatory
Konkoly Observatory
Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute
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