Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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18 May 2024Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2024#403Issue 104401989 - 2056 pp.
Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Emam-Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
International UNESCO Center for Health-related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Antai College of Economics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Center for Social Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Radiology Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Radiology and Data Science Department, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophtalmic Reserch Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Epidemiology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
National Institute for Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Community Medicine Department, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Policy and Management, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Infection Prevention and Control Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
National Research Council of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Surgery, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Clinical Medicine Department, American University of Antigua, Osbourn, Antigua and Barbuda
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Justice Health Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, Walden University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Business Administration, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Department of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Research Center for Hydatid Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Geography and Planning, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Diabetes & Obesity Institute and Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
National Malaria Elimination Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, St. Pauls Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Emergency Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Health Management Information Systems, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive, Family and Population Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Moyen Mono Health District, Ministry of health, Tohoun, Togo
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Nursing, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney
,
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Applied Mathematics
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Department of Family Medicine
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology
Department of Neurology
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Department of Global Health
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Foster School of Business
Department of Biostatistics
School of Social Work
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Neuroscience
Emam-Reza Hospital
Clinical Research Development Unit
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center
International UNESCO Center for Health-related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition
Department of Medical Genetics
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Antai College of Economics
Shanghai Mental Health Center
Doheny Eye Institute
Department of Ophthalmology
Center for Social Medicine
Infectious and Tropical Research Center
Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center
Department of Radiology
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine
Department of Immunology
School of Management and Medical Informatics
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Radiology Research Committee
Medical Education Research Center
Midwifery Department
Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center
Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC)
Student Research Committee
Department of Community Medicine
Drug Applied Research Center
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Harvard Business School
Department of Epidemiology
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Global Health and Population
Radiology and Data Science Department
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Biotechnology
Urology Department
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Research Institute of Dental Sciences
Department of Medical Genetics
Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
School of Medicine
Urology and Nephrology Research Center
Ophtalmic Reserch Centre
Department of Immunology
Department of Health Policy and Management
Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences
Department of Pharmacology
Ophthalmic Research Center
Emergency Department
Department of Medical Education
Epidemiology Department
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Tropical Health Department
Pathology Department
Department of Surgery
Tropical Medicine Department
Department of Internal Medicine
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
School of Pharmacy
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Pharmacology
Urology Research Center
Department of Health Information Management
Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center
School of Medicine
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Ophthalmology Department
Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Childrens Medical Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Cardiology
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Tehran Heart Center
Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Center
National Institute for Health Research
Health Equity Research Center
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Department of Neurology
Department of Medicine
Department of Pharmaceutical Care
Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs
Cancer Research Center
Cancer Biology Research Center
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pathology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Community Medicine Department
Department of Nursing Science
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
School of Nursing
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Department of Health Policy and Management
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Infection Prevention and Control Department
Department of Public Health
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing
School of Public Health
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
Department of Radiology
Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute
Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Immunology
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacology
College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Postgraduate Department
National Research Council of Mexico
Department of Botany
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Institute of Health Research
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
Department of Global Public Health
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Clinical Medicine
Clinical Hospital
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Nursing
Department of Research
Department of Neurology
Institute of Community and Public Health
Department of Therapeutics
Institute of Public Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
Family Medicine Department
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering
College of Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Nursing
Department of Surgery
College of Pharmacy
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Neurology
Clinical Medicine Department
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
Department of Epidemiology
Florida International University
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health
Department of Medicine
Justice Health Unit
School of Health Sciences
Department of Neurology
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
School of Clinical Medicine
School of Psychiatry
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Optometry and Vision Science
Faculty of Medicine and Health
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE)
The George Institute for Global Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
College of Medicine
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Menzies School of Health Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs
Khalifa University
Institute of Public Health
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department
Department of Adolescent Research and Care
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Department of Physiology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Chemistry
Department of Anatomy
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
University of Ibadan
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
College of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Business Administration
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
School of Population and Public Health
School of Nursing
Faculty of Medicine
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation
Clinical Sciences Department
College of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
College of Pharmacy
Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
University of Sharjah
Department of Medical Information Sciences
Neurology Research Center
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center
Research Center for Hydatid Disease
Department of Clinical Biochemistry
Department of Radiology
Department of Biostatistics
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of International Health
Johns Hopkins University
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences
Department of Geography and Planning
Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pharmacology
School of Medicine and Psychology
Research School of Population Health
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
School of Public Health
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Department of Surgery and Cancer
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
Department of Surgery
Institute of Health Science
Australian Center for Precision Health
UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences
Department of Allied Health and Human Performance
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Computer Science
Department of Physiology
Diabetes & Obesity Institute and Physiology
Department of Public Health
East Carolina University
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
School of Community Health Sciences
National Malaria Elimination Program
Microbiology
Microbial
Department of Microbiology
School of Public Health
Emergency Department
Department of Health Management Information Systems
Department of Reproductive
Moyen Mono Health District
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Management
Department of Plastic Surgery
McGovern Medical School
Yale School of Nursing
School of the Environment
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Dermatology
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Genetics
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department
Rumailah Hospital
Division of Public Health Sciences
Department of Urology
Department of Cardiology
Department of Cardiac Surgery
Department of Nursing
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Clinical Sciences
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Brown School
Department of Surgery
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
Department of Bioengineering
Department of Nutrition and Food Studies
School of Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
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